Fashoda Incident
(September 18, 1898), the climax, at Fashoda, Egyptian Sudan (now Kodok, South Sudan), of a series of territorial disputes in Africa between Great Britain and FranceThe disputes arose from the common desire of each country to link up its separate colonial possessions in Africa through railways etc.The French foreign minister, Gabriel Hanotaux, sent an expedition of 150 men eastward from Gabon in 1896, under the command of Jean-Baptiste MarchandEqually determined to reconquer Sudan, a British force under Sir Lord Horatio Herbert Kitchener was ordered simultaneously to advance southward from Egypt (British had colonised since 1882) up the Nile River. Marchand reached Fashoda on July 10, 1898, and occupied an abandoned Egyptian fort; Kitchener did not reach Fashoda until September 18Neither Marchand nor Kitchener were ready to give up his claims to the fort, but because both wished to avoid a military engagement, they agreed that Egyptian, British, and French flags should fly over the fort.The new French foreign minister, Théophile Delcassé, mindful of the incident's international implications and anxious to gain British support against Germany chose to ignore the outraged public's reactionOn November 4, he instructed Marchand to withdraw from Fashoda but continued to press French claims to smaller posts that would have kept open a French corridor to the White NileAlthough the British Prime Minister, Lord Salisbury, rejected this proposal, the French and British eventually agreed (March 21, 1899) that the watershed of the Nile and the Congo rivers should mark the frontier between their respective spheres of influence.Subsequently the French consolidated all their gains west of the watershed, while the British position in Egypt was confirmedThe solution of the crisis led to the Anglo-French Entente of 1904
Mission
- A mission is a group of people from a state or an international inter-governmental organisation (such as the UN) present in another state to represent the sending state/organisation officially in the receiving state - As well as being a diplomatic mission to the country in which it is situated, it may also be a non-resident permanent mission to one or more other countries.
Secretary
- A person employed to assist with correspondence, make appointments and carry out administrative tasks - The principal assistant to a UK government minister or ambassador.
counselor
- A senior officer in the diplomatic service - There may be several consuls providing assistance with bureaucratic issues to both the citizens of the consul's own country and to the citizens of the country in which the consul resides who wish to travel to or trade with the consul's country
Ambassador
- An accredited diplomat sent by a state as its permanent representative in a foreign country - Usually the senior-most staff of an embassy
Coercive
- Coercive diplomacy is the diplomacy of threats. - Rather than relying on negotiation, diplomats will sometimes threaten adverse consequences if a demand is not met such as military action
Apeasement
- Diplomatic policy of making political or material concessions to an aggressive power in order to avoid conflict - For example, in the Munich Agreement of 1938, British PM Neville Chamberlain permitted Nazi Germany's annexation of Czechoslovakia's Sudetenland to prevent further conflict
Minister
- Either a politician who holds public office in a national or regional government, making and implementing decisions on policies in union with other ministers - In some countries, the head of government is the Prime Minister
Hard Power
- Often aggressive (coercion) and is most effective when imposed by one political body upon another of lesser military and/or economic power (e.g. USA vs Myanmar) - Hard power contrasts with soft power, which comes from diplomacy, culture and history
Preventive
- Preventive diplomacy is action to prevent disputes from arising between parties, to prevent existing disputes from escalating into conflicts and to limit their spread when they occur - Preventive diplomacy actions can be implemented by the UN, regional organizations, NGO networks and individual states.
Soft Power
- Soft power is the ability to shape the preferences of others through appeal and attraction. - Revolves around the ability to attract and co-opt, rather than by coercion.
Consulate
- The offices in which a consuls duties are carried out - The main duty of a consul is holding responsibility for its own citizens - This means regulating passports, establishing visas to foreign citizens and informing them about residency and work permits, handling military formalities and control for its citizens liable to military service, helping its citizens in distress or emergency situations, for example by watching over the rule of law and fair trials - The consular immunity of consular staff is not as extensive as that of diplomats
Paiza
- a tablet carried by Mongol officials and envoys to signify certain privileges and authority - Enabled Mongol nobles and officials to demand goods and services from civilian populations
Diplomacy among the city-states
- elements Greeks of carried modern out many diplomacies formal diplomatic exchanges, creating almost all the elements of modern diplomacy - made agreements on matters such as humans conduct during the war - made alliances with other city-states to preserve the peace or to come to one another's aid in case of attack Some Greek communities entered into regional alliances called leagues that began as religious associations but later acquired political influenceCitizen councils and assemblies made all decisions about foreign relations. Such decisions were matters of public debateGreeks expressed suspicion of rulers who held secret negotiations with foreign powers or made secret treatiesGreek politicians sometimes envied the ability of foreign rulers (Macedonians, Romans etc.) to make quick and secret decisionsGreeks had 3 kinds of official representatives Angeles or presbysThe Angeles (messengers) and the presbys (elder) were representatives employed in brief and clearly defined missionsKeryx messenger to whom was assured the right of personal safety (diplomatic immunity) ProxenosAmbassadors were publicly chosenThey didn't have to be excellent negotiators because their actions were largely dictated by their citizensThis restricted their power; no plenipotentiariesFailure to do so made them a subject of prosecution
K. R. Narayanan
10th president of IndiaPart of the Indian National CongressBorn in 1920, died in 2005Born and brought up in a very poor familyDespite his struggles of his school fees always being overdue and having to watch lectures from outside the lecture hall, he managed to graduate from the University of Kerala with first positionHe was also a Dalit, the lowest caste in Hinduism; disadvantageHe moved to Delhi, where he became a journalist, however he aspired to go to the UK and pursue a career in economicsHe was aided by a wealthy and famous Indian industrialist, JRD Tata, who made it possible for him to attend the London School of EconomicsOnce he came back, he was appointed as the Indian Foreign Service OfficerHe became one of the best diplomats in the countryA request from Indira Gandhi, an Indian stateswoman and Prime Minister, made him join politics and serve as a minister in Rajiv Gandhi's cabinet.
Treaty of Versailles
32 countries met in January of 1919Despite the 32 countries the conference was dominated by the 'Big Three', who were Lloyd George, Georges Clemenceau and Woodrow Wilson. (Britain, France, and USA)Germany was not invited to the negotiationsThe conference took place in Versailles, France, near Paris. The common theme in the conference was that the main cause of the war was GermanyStrong feeling that Germany should pay for the damage of the warGermany had to pay reparations of about $33 billionArticle 231, the "War Guilt" clause blamed Germany for starting the warSome German territory was conceded and overseas colonies were seizedGermany, a proud militaristic state, saw significant demilitarizationGermans considered the treaty to be a 'Diktat'; gunboat and coercive diplomacy was used to make Germany sign a treatyThe treaty was signed on the 11 of November, 1919Treaty registered by the Secretariat of the League of Nations
Thomas Jefferson
3rd US presidentAn American StatesmanOne of the Founding Fathers of the USThe principal author of the Declaration of Independence - stating that the US were no longer under the British rule, instead the 13 colonies would together, form a countryFirst Secretary of StateBorn on the 13th of April, 1743, in VirginiaDied in 1826Re-elected (1801-1809)
Iranian Nuclear Deal
A 2015 deal signed between Iran and and six world powers- US, UK, Russia, France, China and GermanyDeal aims to reduce Iran's uranium stockpile by 98% to 300 kg for 15 years along with other terms significantly reducing Iran's nuclear capabilities in exchange for lifting economic sanctions One of the most important implications of the comprehensive nuclear agreement is the renewed faith in the power of diplomacy.For more than a decade, the prospect of a devastating confrontation between the US and Iran extended a dark shadow across an unstable region.Insisting on keeping "all options on the table", several American administrations - including Israel - which has repeatedly vowed to preserve its rights to defend its interests - have threatened military intervention in order to derail Iran's burgeoning nuclear programme.After years of fruitless negotiation, the Obama administration was finally able to find a reliable counterpart in Iran.President Hassan Rouhani won 2013 Iranian elections by promising not only to end the debilitating sanctions against Iran, which is crucial to ending the country's economic conundrum but also a new chapter in Iran's relations with the Western worldTogether with Javad Zarif, his foreign minister, Rouhani was able to garner support from the Iranian establishment in favour of opening up new communication channels with the WestObviously, the final agreement falls short of fulfilling all the major demands of both sides. Hardliners on both sides of the fence have unsurprisingly expressed their discontent.Just as the rapprochement between Beijing and Washington paved the way for decades of symbiotic relationship in the late 20th century, the Iranian nuclear deal may have opened up much-needed space for strategic cooperation between the West and IranSimilar to US- China; it involves discarding ideological rigidity in favour of pragmatism and reform at home; realpolitikAn Iran-West rapprochement holds the promise of unlocking one of the world's most promising markets, with broad implications for the global economy.Iran is expected to benefit from huge investments in its oil and gas industry, which will have a significant impact on the global energy markets.Iran's robust manufacturing sector, deep human capital and booming science and technology sector collectively represent the ingredients of the world's next major emerging marketIran has expressed its willingness to cooperate with Washington on a whole range of issues of common concern, particularly in the campaign against ISISThe stakes behind the negotiation of the Iranian nuclear deal and, even more importantly, its successful implementation couldn't be any higher
Falkland Islands
A British overseas territory whose sovereignty has been claimed by Argentina since the 1800'sBritain seized the island in 1833 and expelled all the Argentines and constantly rejected their claimsIn early 1982, the Argentine military junta led by Lieutenant General Leopoldo Galtieri gave up on long-running negotiations with Britain and launched an invasion of the islandsThe decision to invade was chiefly political: the junta, the "recovery" of the islands would unite Argentines behind the government in a patriotic fervourMargaret Thatcher regained British control over the islandsTheir severed diplomatic relations would only be restored in 1990In 1965, a UN resolution had invited both nations for peaceful negotiationsIn 2013, the islanders, in a referendum, chose to remain a British overseas territory
Zhou Enlai
A Russian and former Soviet PoliticianEighth and last leader of the USSRGeneral Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (1985-1991)Born into a peasant Ukrainian-Russian family and during his teenage life, he used to help his parents out as a farmerGraduated with a degree in law, whilst in university joined the communist party, and became very active within itHis policies of 'glasnost' (openness) and perestroika (restructuring), and his reorientation of the Soviet aims, was one of the main reasons for the end of the Cold War. However, it was also one of the main reasons for the downfall of communism in EuropeWon a Nobel Peace Prize in 1990
Dag Hammarskjöld
A Swedish diplomat, economist and authorServed as the second secretary-general of the UN (1953-1961)Born in 1905 and died in 1961Won Nobel Peace Prize in 1961Served 31 years in Swedish national affairs and international relationsHe organized and coordinated governmental planning for the various economic problems that arose as a result of the war. Played a vital role in shaping Sweden's financial policy. He led a series of trade and financial negotiations with other countries, e.g. US, UKDrew attention as an international financial negotiator for his discussions with on postwar European economy, reshaping of a 12 year old US-Sweden trade agreement, the Marshall Plan, and leadership on the Executive Committee of the Organization for European Economic CooperationAs UN Secretary-General, he tried to prevent war and serve other aims of the CharterHis first major victory of 1954-1955 as Secretary-General was when he personally negotiated the release of American soldiers captured by the Chinese in the Korean WarHe approached them through what he called "preventive diplomacy" In the Middle East, his efforts in Palestine to resolve its problems continued throughout his stay in officeDuring the Suez Canal crisis of 1956, he exercised his own personal diplomacy with the nations involved; worked to get the UN to nullify the use of force by Israel, France, and Great BritainUnder the UN's mandate, commissioned the United Nations Emergency Force (UNEF) - first ever mobilized by an international organization to solve the Suez Canal crisisCredited for coining the term "planned economy"Along with his eldest brother, Bo, he drafted the legislation which opened the way to the creation of the present "welfare state"Died in an air crash in Africa during a peacekeeping mission; many conspiracy theories
Absentmindedness
A breakdown between attention and memory because of distraction.
Korsakoff's Syndrom
A chronic memory disorder caused by deficiency in thiamine - vitamin B-1. Found commonly in alcoholics.
Hyperthymesia
A condition in which an individual possesses a super-autobiographical memory - the ability to recall the vast majority of experiences and events in their life.
diplomatic bags
A container in which official mail is sent to or from an embassy, which is not subject to customs inspection.
African Union
A continental union consisting of all 55 countries on the African continent. Aims are; creating unity, defending the sovereignty and territorial integrity, maintaining independence of its members, and accelerating political and socio-economic integration of the continent
Panda Diplomacy
A diplomatic technique adopted by ChinaChina loans pandas to other countries to create dialogueAn Oxford team found that, after 2008, panda loans coincided with trade deals for valuable resources and technology.This new stage is based on "guanxi" loans, a Chinese term used to describe personalised networks of influence, trust, reciprocity and loyalty.Sharing the care of such a precious animal strengthens the bonds that China has with its "inner circle" of countriesEdinburgh Zoo received its pandas in 2011. An agreed annual sum, paid to the Chinese government is used for giant panda conservation projects in the wild.But shortly after the panda exchange occurred trade deals were signed for salmon, renewable energy technology and Land Rover vehicles - contracts worth an estimated £2.6bn ($4bn).Scottish exports to China have almost doubled in the past five years to £500m ($800m).Panda loans in Canada, France and Australia coincided with trade deals for uranium, which China needs to increase its nuclear capacity by 2050Japan also received two pandas from China in 2011 and both countries stated that they hoped the loan would improve relations soured by a sovereignty dispute over islands.The panda can be used to seal the deal and signify a bid for a long and prosperous relationshipIf a panda is given to the country, it does not signify the closing of a deal - they have entrusted an endangered, precious animal to the country; it signifies a new start to the relationshipThis is an example of "soft power"Since 2008, China has needed to re-house pandas; the loans assisted in solving the problemThe loans earn China soft-power brownie points at no real cost to themselvesThis positive atmosphere creates the perfect setting for subsequent trade negotiationsBut he says that the conservation value of such loans is suspicious as there is a "total lack of transparency" over where the money goes.It seems insensible to increase trade with China merely because they loaned you a pandaChina's influence on other countries will "continue to strengthen" as it brings panda diplomacy to a whole new level.Pandas are no longer just about conservation but become increasingly bound up with political and economic ambitions
PTSD
A disorder in which a traumatic experience causes nightmares, flashbacks and phobic fear of situations similar to the cause of trauma. Also results in anxiety and depression.
Ambassador Spok
A fictional character in Star Trek Started as science officer and first officer, and later as commanding officerHis mixed Human-Vulcan (extraterrestrial being) heritage impacts on his appearance and his abilitiesAfter retiring from Starfleet, he serves as a Federation Ambassador, contributing towards mending the relationship between the federation and the Klingon EmpireLater, he serves as a federation ambassador-at-large, to the Romulan Star Empire and becomes involved in the ill-fated attempt to save Romulus from a supernova, leading him to live the rest of his life in the parallel timeline
Ultimatum
A final demand or statement of terms, the rejection of which will result in retaliation or a breakdown in relations.
Gunboat
A foreign policy that is supported by the use or threat of military forceOften compared to bullying
Muscle Memory
A form of procedural memory that involves consolidating a specific motor task into memory through repetition
Spaced Retrieval
A learning technique, which requires users to rehearse information to be learned at different and increasing spaced intervals of time or a set uniform amount of time.
Amnesia
A loss of memory caused by brain damage, disease or psychological trauma.
Summit
A meeting between heads of government.
Congress of Vienna
A meeting between the plenipotentiaries of European states held in Vienna from November 1814-June 1815Many say the Congress was responsible for the peaceful 1800'sThe aim was to provide a long-term peace plan for Europe by settling critical issues arising from the French Revolutionary Wars and the Napoleonic WarsThe first priority was to deal with territorial issues: a new configuration of German states, the reorganisation of central Europe, the borders of central Italy and territorial transfers in ScandinaviaThere had been other pressing matters - Rights of German Jews - Abolition of the slave trade - Navigation on European rivers - Restoration of the Bourbon royal family in France, Spain and Naples - Swiss constitution - Issues of diplomatic precedence Foundation of a new German confederation to replace the defunct Holy Roman Empire.Austria, Prussia, Russia and Britain were the 'four' that dominated the conference; formed an alliance in the Treaty of Chaumont - Austria, Great Britain, Prussia, Russia, Sweden, Spain, and Portugal—that had signed the 1814 Treaty of Paris with France (thus, the "eight")The leaders were conservatives, with little use for republicanism, or revolutionBorders were altered with no consideration of nationality and wishes of the people; highly condemnedGreat Powers wanted create a new political system in Europe - Previous one had been established at the Peace of Utrecht. (Based on the principle of the balance of power, it required two opposing military alliances (initially led respectively by France and Austria)) -By contrast, they aimed for a 'System of Peace'; there was to be only one political bloc of powers in Europe - Led to the creation of a cycle of regular multilateral conferences in various European cities, the so-called Congress System, which functioned at least from 1815 to 1823 - First attempt in history to build a peaceful Continental order based on the active cooperation of major states.Established an international system of diplomatic rank
Congress of Berlin
A meeting of the representatives of six great powers at the time (Russia, Great Britain, France, Austria-Hungary, Italy, and Germany), the Ottoman Empire, and four Balkan states (Greece, Serbia, Romania, and Montenegro)13 June 1878 - 13 July 1878Dominated by German chancellor, Otto Von BismarckAim was to determine Balkan states' territory, after the Russo-Turkish WarCongress solved an international crisis caused by the San Stefano treaty by revising the peace settlement Satisfied the interests of Great Britain - Denied Russia the means to extend its naval power - Maintained Ottoman Empire as a European powerSatisfied the interests of Austria-Hungary - Allowed it to occupy Bosnia and Herzegovina; thereby increasing its influence in the BalkansCongress left Russia humiliated by substantially reducing the gains that it made under the San Stefano treaty. Congress failed to consider the wishes of the Balkan peoples themselves and, thereby, laid the foundation for future crises in the Balkans.The congress came to an end with the signing of the Treaty of Berlin, replacing the Treaty of San StefanoThe main declaration of the treaty was the neutrality of Germany and Russia in the event of an attack on the other by a third party, for the next five years
Genetic Memory
A memory present at birth that exists in the absence of sensory experience, and is incorporated into the genome over long spans of time.
Envoy
A messenger or representative, especially one on a diplomatic missionAlso a minister plenipotentiary, ranking below ambassador and above chargé d'affaires (second class diplomats)
acetylcholine
A neurotransmitter which has a role in the encoding of memories and the ability to concentrate. Also helps with the growth of healthy synapses.
Priming
A non conscious form of human memory that primes the brain to make associations between words and objects. For example, a person who sees the word 'yellow' will recognise the word 'banana' faster.
punch card
A one-use medium that allows for the storing of information
Blackout
A period of normal bodily function in which there is no memories retained.
Peacemaker
A person who brings about peace, especially by reconciling adversaries.Also one who attempts to keep international conflict as improbable as possible
Plenipotentiary
A person, especially a diplomat, invested with the full power of independent action on behalf of their government, typically in a foreign country.
Alzheimer's Disease
A progressive disease which is caused by the death of brain cells. Over time, this death of brain cells slowly decays memory.
Rezidentura
A rezidentura (residency), also known as a 'station', is a base of operations within a foreign country with which a resident spy may operate from legally or illegally It originates from Russia and is commonly associated with the KGB
Nostalgia
A sentimental and wishing view of the better past.
Peace of west philidelphea
A series of peace treaties signed in 1648 in Westphalian cities of Osnabruck and MunsterEffectively ended the European wars of religion between Catholics, Protestants, Calvinists, Lutherans etc. - Ended Eighty Years' War between the Dutch Republic and Spain (The war of Netherlands independence from Spain) - Ended Thirty Years' War between Catholics and Protestants (Series of wars fought for various reasons, including religious, dynastic, territorial, and commercial rivalries primarily fought in Germany -Severely damaged Germany)It involved 194 states, represented by 179 plenipotentiaries - Thousands of diplomats and support staff had to be given housing, fed and watered, for about 4 years, despite famine in GermanyTreaty significantly changed European borders - United Provinces of the Netherlands and the Swiss Confederation were recognised as independent republicsSome scholars credit the treaties with providing the foundation of the modern state system and articulating the concept of territorial sovereigntyThe treaties involved were; the Peace of Munster, The Treaty of Munster, and The Treaty of Osnabruck
Douglas Treaty
A series of treaties between indigenous groups on Vancouver Island and the Colony of Vancouver IslandIn 1850, The Hudson's Bay company were given authority by the colonial office in London, to establish a colony on Vancouver IslandThe indigenous people and their relationship to the land were completely disregardedIn the next 4 years, Sir James Douglas, a colonial governor completed 14 purchase agreements with the indigenous nations of Vancouver IslandThese treaties abolished native title to those who signed it, however agreed to allow these indigenous people to carry on their fisheries.
neurons
A specialised cell in the brain that transmits nerve impulses.
Charge d'affaire
A state's diplomatic representative in a minor countryAlso a diplomat who heads an embassy in the absence of the ambassador
Flashback
A sudden and disturbing vivid memory of an event in the past.
Realpolitiki
A system of politics or principles based on practical rather than moral or ideological considerations
Recall Bias
A systematic error caused by differences in the accuracy or completeness of the recollections retrieved ("recalled") by study participants regarding events or experiences from the past.
Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation
A technique for treating major depressive disorders by stimulating the brain non-invasively through the scalp and skull.
Blocking
A thwarted attempt to remember a piece of information, even though there is both attention and the information is in your memory.
US North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) renegotiations
A trilateral trade treaty signed by Mexico, Canada and the USImportant because the US trades as much with Mexico and Canada as it does with Japan, South Korea and the BRIC countries combinedUS primarily trades with NAFTA by exporting manufactured goods like cars and airplanes but also includes a growing share of service-based exports.Nearly every U.S. community relies on exports for jobs and economic growth, but what communities export depends on their industry base.In small towns and rural areas, 80 percent of exports remain in goods like manufacturing, agricultural, and energy commodities.In the nation's 100 largest metropolitan communities where large banks, consultancies and Universities are located, services are an increasing share of total exports. In 2016, services comprised nearly 50 percent of total exports from these top metropolitan areas.Even as the nation shifts from goods to services exports, manufacturing remains vital and for U.S.-based firms to manufacture and export they need to be able to import intermediate goodsFor example, Michigan, the the hub of the auto industry can only export cost-competitive cars if they import cost-competitive car partsThe importance of these integrated supply chains means that pulling the U.S. out of NAFTA would have been extremely bad for the U.S. economy, but President Trump is not going to do that.Renegotiation makes sense because NAFTA was last negotiated in 1994 and a lot has changed since then.NAFTA negotiators should focus on upgrading environmental standards, creating new rules for e-commerce, and ensuring labor standards that govern companies in all three countries have been updated to help workers benefit from trade
Alliance
A union or association formed for mutual benefit, especially between countries
Try to Praise the Mutilated World
Adam Zagajewski
Nuclear Non-Profit Treaty
Aims to prevent the spread of nuclear weapons and weapons technology, and to achieve complete nuclear disarmamentOpened for signature in 1968, but entered into force in 1970The text stated that parties should meet after 25 years (1995), when they did, they agreed on the extension of the treaty 191 states have adhered to the treatyAgreement to for non-nuclear states to remain non-nuclear while allowing nuclear states to keep theirs; makes the treaty unequal - During signing, non nuclear states didn't protest because they didn't have the capacity or inclination for the nuclear path and were aware of the dangers of nuclear proliferationPrevents nuclear states from assisting non-nuclear states to obtain nuclear weapons - Encourages nuclear states to help non nuclear states to develop civilian nuclear powerNorth Korea, an anomaly, agreed in 1985 but never stuck by it and then withdrew in 2003Iraq, a signatory, violated the treaty through their nuclear program in the 1980'sIran, another signatory, allegedly has uranium enrichment facilities; violation of the treatyIndia, Israel, Pakistan, and South Sudan never accepted the treaty and are thought to possess nuclear weapons - India, Israel and Pakistan (nuclear powers) undermine the treatyTreaty reviewed every 5 years at Review Conferences of the Parties to the Treaty of Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons
What My Grandmother Meant to Say Was
Aja Monet
House of Thorns
Alice Maher
Gemelli (Twins)
Alighiero Boetti
Memory Conformity
Also known as social contagion of memory, it refers to a situation in which one person's report of a memory influences another person's report of that same experience
Mind palace
Also known as the method of loci, this mnemonic mentally associates information to locations.
Henry Kissinger
An American political scientistAdviser for national security affairs and Secretary of StateHad a huge impact on U.S. foreign policy from 1969 - 1976. (reign of Nixon and Ford)Won a Nobel Peace Prize for the Paris Peace Accords (1973)Originally a German Jew, family immigrated to the US in 1938 to escape Nazis Served in the US army during WW2Went to Harvard and got a BA and PHDAppointed by President Nixon as assistant for national security affairs, and eventually served as head of the National Security CouncilDeveloped détente with the USSR which led to the Strategic Arms Limitation Talks (SALT) in 1969Established the pro-Pakistan policy in the 1971 India-Pakistan warHelped negotiate SALT I with the USSR (signed 1972)Developed a rapprochement between the US and China (1972), the first official U.S. contact with that nation since 1949Originally advocated a hard-line policy in Vietnam and helped engineer the U.S. bombing of Cambodia (1969-70), Kissinger later played a major role in Nixon's Vietnamization policy— disengagement of U.S. troops from South Vietnam and their replacement by South Vietnamese forces. On January 23, 1973, after negotiations with the North Vietnam in Paris, he agreed on a cease-fire that provided for the withdrawal of U.S. troops and outlined a peace settlement between the two Vietnams For this apparent resolution of the Vietnam conflict, Kissinger shared the 1973 Nobel Prize for Peace with the North Vietnamese negotiator, Le Duc Tho (who refused the honour)After the Yom Kippur (Arab-Israeli) War of 1973, Kissinger used shuttle diplomacy in disengaging opposing armies and promoting a truce between the belligerentsShuttle diplomacy is when a third party serves as a mediator when the parties involved refuse to meetResponsible for the resumption of diplomatic relations between Egypt and the US, severed since 1967Directed of foreign affairs under President Ford after Nixon's resignationAfter leaving office in 1977, he became an international consultant, writer, and lecturerIn 1983, President Reagan appointed him to head a national commission on Central AmericaIn the 1980s he served on the President's Foreign Intelligence Advisory Board and the Commission on Integrated Long-Term Strategy
Niccolo Machiavelli
An Italian diplomat, politician, historian, philosopher, humanist and a writer, during the Renaissance periodBorn in 1469Named the 'Modern Father of Political Science'For many years a senior official in the Florentine Republic - responsible for diplomatic and military affairs'Machiavellianism' -> negative term, representing immoral politicians -> e.g. dishonesty, and killing innocents -> Machiavelli described this as normal and effective in politics'Machiavellian' -> political deceit, deviousness, and realpolitikThese terms described in his book "The Prince"
Amarna Letters
An archive written on clay tabletsConsists of diplomatic correspondence between the Egyptian administration and its representatives in Canaan and Amurru during the New Kingdom. Found in Amarna, EgyptThe Amarna letters are unusual in Egyptological research, because they are mostly written in Akkadian cuneiform, the writing system of ancient Mesopotamia, rather than that of ancient Egypt.
Doha Round of trade talks
An attempted multilateral treaty launched in Doha, Qatar in November, 2001If successful, it would've been a treaty between every country in the World Trade Organisation (WTO)It's deadline was in January, 2005 but after extending it, talks were suspended in June, 2006Was very ambitious because in order for the agreement to be implemented, all WTO countries had to sign itCentered around boosting economic growth of developing countriesWhat was in the agreement?Agriculture Reduce subsidiesReduce tariffs on food importsEnd subsidies for exports.Reduce tariffs for non-food imports.Services Clarify rules and regulations on foreign-provided servicesDeveloped countries want to export various servicesCountries can decide which services they want to allowThey also decide whether to allow foreign ownership. RulesTighten the rules on anti-dumping; lowering sales price of exports to gain unfair market shareStrengthen prohibitions against launching subsidies to retaliate against another country's subsidiesFocus on commercial vessels, regional aircraft, large civil aircraft, and cottonReduce fishery subsidies to cut down on overfishing.Intellectual property Create a register to control country-of-origin for wine and liquorProtect product names, such as Champagne, Tequila or Roquefort, that are only authentic if they come from that regionInventors must reveal the country of origin for any genetic material usedTrade and environment Coordinate trade rules with other agreements to protect natural resources in developing countriesTrade facilitation Clarify and improve custom fees, documentation, and regulations.That will cut bureaucracy and corruption in customs procedures.Special and differential treatment Give special treatment to help developing countries. That includes longer time periods for implementing agreementsAll WTO countries safeguard the trade interests of developing countriesProvides financial support to developing countries to build the infrastructure needed to handle disputes and implement technical standardsDispute settlement Install recommendations to better settle trade disputes.E-commerceCountries won't impose customs duties or taxes on internet products or servicesIf successful, Doha would have improved the economic vitality of developing countriesIt would have reduced government spending on subsidies but boosted financial companies.Unfortunately, agribusiness lobbies in the United States and the EU put political pressure on their legislatures to end the negotiationsAs a result, bilateral agreements have increased; easier to negotiate. The failure of Doha also means future multilateral trade agreements are also probably doomed to fail for the same reason as DohaThe EU and U.S. agricultural industries won't take the risk of allowing low-cost foreign food imports to take any of their domestic market share.Small emerging market countries have seen what the United States and EU agribusiness has done to local economies in Mexico thanks to NAFTA.The Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership, the pending agreement between the United States and the EU faces the same obstacles as Doha did. EU can't compete with cheaper American-made food importsAmerica keeps food prices low by creating fewer regulations than EUWhy was Doha suspended?The main reason the Doha talks collapsed was because the United States and EU weren't willing to give up their agricultural subsidies. China, India, and Brazil need to be more supportive of the talks. They must also be willing to take on the leadership role given to developed countries. Second, the United States, Japan, and China must realize their "currency wars" are exporting inflation to other countries, such as Brazil and IndiaYou must entice the United States and other developed countries.
Non-State Actors
An individual or organization that has significant political influence but is not allied to any particular country or state
G20
An international forum for the governments and central bank governors of the world's 20 leading industrialised and emerging economiesFounded in 1999Aims to discuss policy related to the promotion of international financial stabilityG20 economies account for approximately 85% of the global GDP, 80% of world trade, and two thirds of the world's population, and approximately half of the world land areaSummits are held annually
1961 Vienna Convention on Diplomatic relations
An international treaty that defines a framework for diplomatic relations between countries- It specifies the privileges of a diplomatic mission that enable diplomats to perform their function without fear of coercion or harassment by the host country- As of February 2017, it has been ratified by 191 statesContains 53 articlesArticle 9- The host nation at any time and for any reason can declare a particular member of the diplomatic staff to be persona non grata.Article 22- The premises of a diplomatic mission, such as an embassy, must not be entered by the host country except by permission (receives extraterritoriality) - The host country must protect the mission from intrusion or damage. Article 27- The host country must permit and protect free communication between the diplomats of the mission and their home country - A diplomatic bag must never be opened even on suspicion of abuse - A diplomatic courier must never be arrested or detained.Establishes diplomatic immunity and exemptions from taxes of the host countryThe families of diplomats enjoy the same privileges.
Consul
An official appointed by a state to live in a foreign city and protect the state's citizens and interests there
Embargo
An official ban on trade or other commercial activity with a particular country.
Abuja Treaty
An organisation of African Union states, establishing grounds for mutual economic development among the majority of African statesFormed the African Economic Community (AEC)Its main aims are creating new free trade areas, customs unions, a single market, a central bank, and a common currency, establishing an economic and monetary union. All African Union members are a part of the Abuja Treaty, apart from Eritrea
In a Crowd of Thousands
Anastasia
APEC
Asia Pacific Economic CooperationMain aim of APEC is that goods, services, investment, and people, are able to move easily across bordersFounded in 1989
Misattribution
Assigning a memory to an incorrect source, such as mistaking fantasy for reality.
ASEAN
Association of Southeast Asian NationsA regional intergovernmental organisation, which facilitates economic, political, security, military, educational, and socio-cultural integrationTen Southeast Asian countriesFormed on 8 August 1967An official UN observer and communication between members takes place in EnglishHas been said to be the world's most successful and influential organisations When represented as a single entity, it ranks the world's 6th largest economy
jacquard loom
Automates the process of weaving complex patterns
Girl with a Pierced Eardrum
Banksy
We Didn't Start The Fire
Billy Joel
Tangled Up in Blue
Bob Dylan
Fog of Peace (excerpt) - Gabrielle Rifkind and Giannio Pico
Book is written by two individuals with very different experience of international relationsGianni Picco is a career diplomat who's worked with the UNGabrielle Rifkind is a practising therapistConcerned to develop the links between the psychological and the political worldsBook focuses on the possibility of change in both the structure and process of current international relations in the hope of making 'a contribution to the resolution of conflict'Book is about life and not theoryThe authors explore what lies behind the hostile facade of the other, what alienates us and the potential for mutual interests.Conflict resolution is a vital subject in international relations, both in theory and in practical politicsBook's unique contribution is to explain the underlying factors making up the mindsets of those involved in conflict resolution Collection of studies of conflict resolution that examine how psychological issues are affected by history and culture and how we construct identityFundamental elements underlying the 'East-West' division and mutual miscomprehensionPolitics and international conflict are usually examined through realpolitik, Realpolitik considers relationships and the desire of elite groups to shape the world according to their own interestSuffering, humiliation and powerlessness are conditions in which groups are more likely to use violenceRespect, dignity and inclusive politics and influence over their lives are more likely to induce peaceful behaviourHans Blix, ex-head of the International Atomic Energy Agency, says peaceful relations between states 'must be practiced both at the conference table and at the kitchen table'If you are to be effective at diplomacy you need to understand ordinary human behaviourStates are more likely to be 'incentivised by carrots than sticks'.Diplomats shy away from issues that speak to the psychological and emotional instincts of those involved in conflictThey need to be considered if the goal is a conflict-ending, agreementAn analysis should recognize the multiple influences that shape conflict, without this we weaken our ability to resolve itDecision making frequently takes place in a policy bubble, sealed from the complexity of the multiple influences that determine conflict.Governments lack procedures to engage in systemic thinking before decisions to go to warThis critical disciplined thinking needs to include getting into the enemy's mind, understanding their motivations, what they care about and how intervention would be viewed by people on the ground, all of which has been lacking.Human motivation and psychology need to be part of strategic calculations of decision makersIt is man who creates and ends wars and destroys his environment. Institutions do not decide to destroy or kill or make peace or war; those actions are the responsibility of individualsTo try and understand the root causes of conflict in terms of power politics and resources, without understanding human behaviour and what causes the fight Long-term endemic conflict emotions are near to the surface as a result of war's horrorsEmotions of fear, trauma and humiliation prevent a rational judgement, dominate the mood and can also affect groups, communities and nationsThey affect how we think and disturb our capacity to think rationally and act in our best interests.There is a psychological debate about what motivates human behaviour Are we inherently violent/destructive or are we peaceful but shaped by the environment? Over the last 100 years we have begun to respond more intelligently and more humanely to acts of anger and destructionWe try not to meet aggression with aggression; we know this does not help reduce violenceWe have learnt that compassion help to prevent further acts of violenceIt is not applied in international conflictMachiavelli said man never did good unless necessaryMan was essentially evil and self-centred and his behaviour could only be repressed by forceMany confirm Machiavelli's view Thomas Hobbes, wrote Leviathan, (published in 1651 after the English Civil War) believed that man was driven by competition, rivalry and the need for glory and would always wish to subdue the 'other'. Task of government is to replace anarchy with hierarchical political structuresThis may be false in the 21st century when social media empowers citizens may disrupt historical hierarchical structures of powerIn contrast to of Machiavelli and Hobbes, a more idealist view of human nature emerged in international relations after WWIBelief that man can develop and progressAfter World War I, there was a belief that the world could be made peaceful and just order with democracy and growth of the international mindsetIn this school of thinking, the state should make its internal political philosophy the goal of foreign policyHow it treats its own citizens should be the benchmark for how it behaves in the international dimension.Realism and idealism were to become rival political theoriesPolitical realists believe that war is inevitable and natural, therefore needs to be managedPolitical idealists believe that human nature can develop positively with the right structures in place and war is caused by external factors and can be transformedAuthors support there is inherent potential to fight but believe that there is capacity to create harmony and whether or not this prevails is shaped by external conditions Abraham Lincoln said 'If we had been born where they were born and taught what they were taught, we would believe what they believe.'When examining conflict, our lack of imagination often prevents us from empathisingMost people live in peace, we value reciprocity and coordinationThese civilized societies are governed by laws, which police the darker aspects of human behaviour.Living in conflict erodes the co-operative behaviour and stimulates violenceMan's ability to think rationally gives hopeIn heightened tension and fear, group behaviour is not based on rationality but is driven by rigid beliefs about identity and survivalIndividual is likely to lose the ability for independent thought and find their distinctiveness subsumed by group thoughtIn these conditions people tend to form a traumatic identityUnderstanding collective and individual identity is essential to solve conflict. We need to know the national narrative, how both the individual and the group see themselves and what unlocks the sense of victimhoodIt becomes important to understand the deeply held values that bind the group togetherWe tend to distance ourselves from those with whom we are in conflictIt is counter-intuitive to want to understand their insecurities and fears when they have caused us painFormer US Defence Secretary Robert McNamara says we must empathise:McNamara was one of the architects of the Vietnam war Created the iconic documentary, The Fog of War: Eleven Lessons from the Life of Robert S. McNamaraHe portrayed how the US failed in Vietnam because it did not understand the culture and the history Deeply influenced by the film, we decided to name the book after itTitle seeks to demonstrate how complex, foggy and difficult the art of peacemaking isWithout the capacity to empathise and enter into the mind of the enemy, we assume the superiority of our own state of mindBook explores in detail why empathy matters.Empathy is an essential component in peacemaking because entering into the mind of the enemy helps resolving conflictDoes not mean sympathy or to like how these peopleBook is not a manual of conflict resolution but they are drawing on is their experiences of trying to understand the mind of the enemy
U Thant
Born 1909, died 1974A Burmese diplomat and the Third-Secretary General of the UN from 1961-1971 (first non- European)He was very calm and unassuming Replaced Dag Hammarskjold when he diedFirst term -> facilitated negotiations during the Cuban Missile Crisis and ordered Operation Grand Slam, which ended a secessionist insurgency in CongoSecond Term -> known for publicly criticising American conduct in the Vietnam warRefused to serve a third term and retiredDied of Lung Cancer in 1974Widely admired and respected by the Burmese 'U' is an honorific in Burmese, equal to Sir or MrReferred to as Pantanaw U Thant, in reference to his hometown, Pantanaw
Otto Von Bismarck
Born in 1815A conservative Prussian statesman - dominated German and European affairs from 1860s - 1890First Chancellor of the German empire, President of PrussiaProvoked three wars against Denmark, Austria, and FranceKnown as the 'Iron Chancellor' because of his powerful rule and use of realpolitikMajor achievement was German unification in 1871Rapid economic growth was the foundation of his foreign policyDisliked colonialism but built an overseas empireUsing his diplomatic skills, he managed to maintain Germany's position, and keep Europe at peace in the 1870s - 1880s Became a hero to German Nationalists
Samantha Power
Born in 1970Irish born AmericanAn author, political critic, and diplomatEx-journalistServed as the US Ambassador to the UN (2013-2017)Her career began when she wrote about the Yugoslav Wars as a journalistShe then served as the Founding Executive Director of the Carr Centre for Human Rights Policy at HarvardFocussed on the UN reform, women's rights, LGBT rights, religious minorities, refugees, human trafficking, human rights, and democracyArgues that state power should be used to protect human rights in extreme circumstancesBelieves that military intervention is justified and necessary when a state commits atrocities against its own people and thus loses its right to sovereignityBecame the first professor of Practice of Global Leadership and public policyA senior adviser to Barack Obama until March 2008, where she resigned from his presidential campaign after apologising for referring to the Senator Hillary Clinton, as "a monster"Then served as a Senior Director for Multilateral Affairs and Human Rights on the National Security councilObama then chose her to chair an Atrocities Prevention BoardListed as the 41st most powerful woman in the world by ForbesWon the Pulitzer Prize for her book 'A problem from Hell; America and the Age of Genocide', which was a study of the U.S. foreign policy response to genocide
Colin Powell
Born in Harlem, NYC - 1937Son of Jamaican immigrantsWas the National Security Advisor to Ronald ReaganRetired as 4 star general in the US armyAuthor of 14 booksChairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff under President George H.W BushFirst and so far the only immigrant to serve on the Joint Chiefs of StaffFirst black Secretary of State under President George Bush; resigned due to the war in IraqIt was discovered that he had gained international support on the basis of faulty intelligence'You don't know what you can get away with until you try'
Eleanor Roosevelt
Born on October 11, 1884Married to Franklin D. Roosevelt; niece of Theodore RooseveltPresident Harry Truman appointed Eleanor as a delegate to the UN General Assembly; served from 1945 to 1953Became chair of the U.N.'s Human Rights Commission and helped to write the Universal Declaration of Human Rights—an effort that she considered to be her greatest achievement.FDR suffered from a polio attack, so she stepped forward and changed the stereotypical role of First LadyShe did this by giving press conferences, speaking out for human rights, children causes and women's issues, working on behalf of the league of women voters Had a newspaper column called My Day, where she focused on poverty, stood against racial discrimination and visited US soldiers during WW2.
Letter to Me
Brad Paisley
Traumatic Brain Injury
Brain dysfunction caused by trauma to the head, usually from violent assault.
Treaty of Utrecht Spanish Treaties
Britain - Ceded Gibraltar and Minorca to BritainIncluded the asiento agreement, by which Spain gave to Britain the exclusive right to supply the - Spanish colonies with African slaves for the next 30 years.Savoy - Ceded Sicily to Victor Amadeus II - In return, Amadeus, renounced his claims upon the Spanish throneDutch, Portugal - Delayed
Treaty of Utretch Frances treaties
Britain - Recognised Queen Anne as sovereign rather than James Edward - Territorial concessions in North America - Demolish fortifications at Dunkirk; used as base for attacks on English and Dutch shippingDutch - Agreed that the United Provinces (Dutch Republic) should annex part of Gelderland - Agreed that they should retain certain barrier fortresses in the Spanish NetherlandsPrussia - Acknowledged Frederick I's Kingship (claimed in 1701) and recognized his claim to Neuchâtel and southeast Gelderland - In return, France received the principality of OrangeSavoy - Recognized Victor Amadeus II, duke of Savoy, as king of Sicily and he should rule Sicily and NicePortugal - Recognized Portuguese sovereignty on both banks of the Amazon River - France's Guiana colony in South America was restricted in size
Paris Climate Agreement
COP21 was signed in December 2015, adopted the first-ever universal, legally binding global climate deal.
The Art of Negotiation (excerpt)- Francois de Callieres
Calliers outlines manners, qualities and requirements to be a good diplomatThe art of negotiation is so important that the fate of states often depends on itA diplomat should only use hard power when soft power doesn't workIt is in the diplomat's interest to maximise the benefits of the other partiesA diplomat must employ a good staff that know the methods to win the hearts of othersCallieres says that France is so war like that they can't see any other honour or glory other than armsFrenchmen join the military but neglect the study of the various reasons that divide Europe and cause warsThe military generals receive honour and respect in society It is not the same with negotiatorsThey are rare because there has in general been no discipline or fixed rules of the Foreign Service created by the King to guide the diplomatsCallieres finds that diplomats often have little experience and knowledge in public affairs; they don't know very much about the other countryUnlike the army, they're not given gradual promotion and title due to their skillsClaims that diplomacy is the most difficult job to do for the KingIt requires all the skills and flexibility one possessesIt requires lots of understanding and knowledge and excellent judgementMen that have chosen to be diplomats only do it for high pay and honour but have very little idea of their real duties, causing harm to public interestHappens especially when a diplomat is representing a powerful state in a weak stateThey tend to to be bad negotiators and use threats such as military action; a sign of weakness (coercive)Diplomats should aim to maintain good relations rather than coerce and humiliateHappens because of inexperience of the diplomatsThese ambassadors create a dislike for their countries and resemble heralds of arms To understand the necessity of diplomacy, you must consider all European states as being joined together by commerce, in such a way that may be one Republic and no considerable change can take place without affecting all othersThere is no state so great which does not find it useful to have relations with smaller statesHistory is full of conflicts that started off as small events that can be suppressed but grow in magnitudeThis shows that a wise monarch needs to maintain a continual process of diplomacy for recording events to learn from past mistakesIt is argued that knowledge is the most important and essential feature of a good government because a state's domestic peace largely depends on its foreign relations with friendly states and resisting hostile statesThere is no prince so powerful to neglect a good alliance for resisting hostile powersA good diplomat's job involves discovering dissidence against his prince in country he is posted and to stop them It is easy to destroy the greatest enterprises at birthBecause they often require several springs to start, it is difficult for a hostile plan to ripen without the knowledge of it coming to a negotiator living in the place it is being hatchedAn able negotiator must be able to create positive views of his own country in his host country; if successful, benefits his country a hundredfold than any expense put forth by the countryIf a country doesn't have permanent diplomatic missions and only sends diplomats to solve specific issues, the diplomats won't have time to explore the terrain or habits of the foreign court or make necessary liaisons or to change the course of events already in full floodThis can be solved by paying huge sums of money to the country one is in conflict withNot ideal because this is expensive Has the risk of being paid too lateCardinal RichelieuCardinal Richelieu maintained a system of unbroken diplomacy; a major advantage for FranceHas a 1-page quote of Cardinal RichelieuA person only realises the importance of diplomacy after experiencing it; Cardinal only understood its importance after 5-6 years of being a diplomatA regular and unbroken system of diplomacy is vital for the health and welfare of a stateDiplomacy had been neglected until the Cardinal's timeThe proximity of other countries means they that they can cause harm or serviceArrogant men restrict their worldview while smarter won't neglect any means of improvementRichelieu, a genius, serves as evidence advocating for the importance of diplomacyHe was involved in every major European affair while in officeFormed many alliances for France through diplomacyValue of diplomacyArt of negotiation (whether good or evil) gives form to great affairsMay turn a series of lesser events into a useful influence on greater eventsWhile law can be imposed on people, misunderstandings easily arise between nations that can't be solved through the law but through a conventionDiplomacy plays a decisive part in these conventionsEasy to conclude that the small number of negotiators' one word or act could prevent his King the cost of warPersonal qualities of a good negotiatorCountries should choose diplomats of such character and standing that they act appropriately to produce peaceNothing can contribute more to the reputation, power and respect of a monarch than a negotiator who themselves inspire respect and confidenceDiplomats that are able to form well-chosen and maintain useful sources of information have leverageThe conduct of diplomats is very important
Valentine
Carol Ann Duffy
Memory
Cats
Magdalene's Niece
Cesar Santos
South China sea disputes
China, Vietnam, the Philippines, Taiwan, Malaysia and Brunei all have competing claims sovereignty over ocean areas and the Paracels and the Spratlys - two island chains claimed in whole or in part by a number of countriesAlongside the fully fledged islands, there are dozens of rocky outcrops, atolls, sandbanks and reefs, such as the Scarborough Shoal.Although largely uninhabited, the Paracels and the Spratlys may have reserves of natural resources around them. There has been little detailed exploration of the area, so estimates are largely extrapolated from the mineral wealth of neighbouring areasThe sea is also a major shipping route and home to fishing grounds that supply the livelihoods of people across the regionChina, the largest claimant, prefers bilateral negotiations but others argue that China's size and power give it an unfair advantageSome have proposed for China to negotiate with ASEAN; China opposesIn 2013, Philippines announced it would take China to an arbitration tribunal under the auspices of the UN Convention on the Laws of the Sea, to challenge its claims.In July 2016, the tribunal backed the Philippines' case, saying China had violated the Philippines' sovereign rights.Some of the incidents include:In 1974, the Chinese seized the Paracels from Vietnam, killing more than 70 Vietnamese troops.In 1988, they clashed in the Spratlys, with Vietnam losing about 60 sailorsIn early 2012, China and the Philippines engaged in a lengthy maritime stand-off, accusing each other of intrusions in the Scarborough Shoal.Unverified claims that the Chinese navy sabotaged two Vietnamese exploration operations in late 2012 led to large anti-China protests In May 2014, the introduction by China of a drilling rig into waters near the Paracel Islands led to multiple collisions between Vietnamese and Chinese ships
Wynyard Station escalators
Chris Fox
Encounter
Czeslaw Milosz
Royal Ontario Museum
Daniel Libeskind
Hemlock Hospice
David Buckley Borden and Aaron Ellison
My Parents
David Hockney
Everybody Loves Somebody
Dean Martin
You Will Be Found
Dear Evan Hansen
Dissociation
Detachment from reality, as a coping mechanism from or stress or simple day dreaming. Placed on a spectrum of severity.
Byzantine Empire Diplomacy
Diplomacy was a necessity because it had enemies on all of its borders and possessed limited military powerOne of the golden rules of the Byzantine was to avoid wars at almost all costsThey were fully aware that Byzantium would lose in the long term if it engaged in military conflictCreated a bridge between ancient and modern diplomacyToday, the word 'byzantine' is used to describe devious actions: intrigue, plotting, and bribingByzantine diplomacy absorbed the practices of the ancient civilisations:From Mesopotamia and Egypt: elaborate protocol and ceremonies, dynastic marriage to form an alliance, trade diplomacy From Greece: use of rhetoric as a tool of public diplomacy From Rome: divide and conquer tactics
An Independent Diplomat - Carne Ross:
Doesn't believe in the 'neat narratives' that we are presented with -> that event A, results in consequence B, and that leads to consequence C.... Instead, believes in randomnessHe's color blind, he always wanted to be a fighter pilot, he did the test to become in the RAF but failed, so chose to be a diplomat Entered the British Foreign Service in 1989; traveled around the worldWent to the Gaza Strip, met Yasser ArafatNegotiated with Saddam's negotiators in the UNNegotiated the eradication Al Qaeda from Afghanistan with war lords in the mountains of AfghanistanPosted to the UN headquarters in New York, to represent the UK, and worked on Middle Eastern issues, especially the Iraqi disarmament of weaponsDealt with 'dramatic diplomacy' of wars This wore him out alot and after finishing his term in New York, decided not to go back to his job in London and instead took a breakAfter this, he took a secondment to join the UN in Kosovo, at the time under UN administrationHe noticed that Kosovars weren't involved in the negotiations and didn't have a say in their own fateRandomness of events - Pivots in his life:Whilst in Kosovo, in the Summer of 2004, the British government decided to have an enquiry into the use of intelligence of the WMD in Iraq previously to the Iraq war. Testified to the enquiry in secret, and his testimony said two main things;Intelligence of the WMD was exaggeratedThe government had ignored all alternatives to warStruggled with this as it was deeply critical of his colleagues and ministers, who had, perpetrated war on a falsehood. Battled a lot with this personallyDecided to resign from British Foreign Service - 'something was broken' - he now couldn't negotiate with foreign ministers in joy as he used to, and find pleasure in his jobSecond occurence - a riot in Kosovo in March of 2004 - an anarchy18 people died as a result'The only way to see these people stop, is when they've decided they've seen enough burning and killing'The reason for these riots was that the Kosovo people were disenfranchised from their futures. There had been negotiations going on about the peaceful future in Kosovo, however the Kosovars weren't part of this talk Wife came up with the idea for him to advise the Kosovars on their country. No diplomatic missions were allowed in Kosovo to help with this issue. This sparked the idea of Independent Diplomat - world's first diplomatic advisory group (nonprofit)Ross asked the Prime Minister of Kosovo if he could assist in solving the issue and the Prime Minister agreed. He went to Kosovo and advised the Kosovo government -> Independent Diplomat ended up advising 3 successive Prime Ministers of Kosovo and the multi- party negotiation team and Kosovo became independent. Independent Diplomat now:Advises 7-8 countries and groups, e.g. Northern CypriotsBurmese oppositionThe government of South SudanA group of island states on climate change. The Independent Diplomat is now setting up meetings between the UN Security Council and the parties at dispute, e.g. rebel groups and people involved in chaotic conflicts. No press, just explaining what they want, a negotiation and conversation. A change in direction of diplomacy...:His initial plan was to move back to New York and establish Independent Diplomat with his wifeHaving met the founder of "WhatIf?" (an innovation company), he started off with an office in the New York offices, and through being involved in witnessing innovative experiences such as new flavours of Coca Cola being developed, he begun using creative new solutions for these diplomatic issues in KosovoIn diplomacy, it's old fashioned and people always approach things the same way (perhaps why we fail to solve issues), e.g. realpolitik, and other old fashioned traditions. We need to explore more things to try and inject new thinking into these issues to attempt to find a solutionKey quotes:'Diplomacy, like business, is a business of solving problems''Output is what matters, not process, nor technology''Technology has not delivered political change in Iran''You have to think to yourself, what can I do to get to this output? that is the politics of the 21st century - Independent Diplomat embodies this"Lessons to learn:Personal; 'Falling off a cliff'/taking a huge risk - is a good thingDon't avoid falling but instead, enjoy the feeling of falling, rather than staying at the top, wondering what to do with lifeCarne says that he is still falling due to the Independent DiplomatLife is never a simple, one narrative thingBigger lessonThe world is fragmenting, states mean less now, state power is declining; means power of non-state actors are rising such as mafias, NGOs etc.If governments can't help us we must help ourselves. It's unfair to say something in Somalia, in Bermuda, Cyprus, or Brazil has nothing to do with you and is none of your business. "I can connect any of you using the Six Degrees of Separation to the Al Shabaab militia in Somalia, so we are all interconnected in some way to these issues, and so ultimately, we are all intimately connected - that connection is there"Instead of waiting for politicians and governments to fix issues, take action
Yertle the Turtle
Dr Seuss
Nootropics
Drugs that are used to improve cognitive function, particularly memory, mental function, creativity and motivation.
Christmas Truce
During the Christmas of 1914, while the warring countries refused a ceasefire, the soldiers declared an unofficial ceasefire during WWIStarting on Christmas Eve, many German and British troops sang Christmas carols to each other across the linesAt the first light of dawn on Christmas Day, some German soldiers emerged from their trenches and approached the Allied lines across no-man's-land, calling out "Merry Christmas" in their enemies' native tonguesAt first, the Allied soldiers feared it was a trick but seeing the Germans unarmed they climbed out of their trenches and shook hands with the enemy soldiersSoldiers exchanged presents of cigarettes and plum puddings and sang carols and songsThere was even a documented case of soldiers from opposing sides playing a good-natured game of football.Some soldiers used this short-lived ceasefire for the retrieval of the bodies of fellow combatants who had fallen within the no-man's land The truce was never repeated—future attempts at holiday ceasefires were quashed by officers' threats of disciplinary action—but it served as heartening proof that beneath the brutal clash of weapons, the soldiers' essential humanity endured.During World War I, the soldiers on the Western Front did not expect to celebrate on the battlefield
Bias
Editing or rewriting previous memories in light of new knowledge. This can create a skewed rendering of a specific incident.
Nighthawks
Edward Hopper
Elaborative encoding
Elaborative encoding is a mnemonic that relates to-be-remembered information to pre-existing memories and knowledge. One can make such connections visually, spatially, semantically or acoustically.
Elegy for a Mother, Still Living
Elana Bell
Someday Out of the Blue
Elton John
I Gave Myself to Him
Emily Dickinson
From
Fatimah Asghar and Eve L. Ewing
Oscar Arias
Former President of Costa Rica (1986 -1990)He received the Nobel Peace Prize in 1987 for his efforts and plan created to end the civil wars in South America, which led to the accord signed by South American nations in Guatemala on August 7, 1987Born in 1940, still aliveHe was most well known for his plan, which was a peace plan, approved by Costa Rica, Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras, and Nicaragua, which he made when he was president. The plan aimed for free elections, safeguards for human rights and an end to foreign interference in the countries' internal affairsPrevented American interference in South American affairsStudied law and economics Joined the social democratic party when he became a member of the government in the 1970s.
Kim Dae Jung
Former president of South Korea (1998-2003)Received the Nobel Peace Prize in 2000 (only Korean recipient of a Nobel Prize) for his efforts to restore democracy in South Korea and to improve relations with North Korea.Referred to as the 'Nelson Mandela' of South KoreaBorn in 1924, died in 2009Son of a farmerWas an ardent pro-democracy activistWas known for speaking out against President Syngman Rhee and President Park Chung-HeeIn 1973 Kim was kidnapped from his hotel in Tokyo by the Korean Central Intelligence Agency and returned forcibly to South Korea; severely strained relations between Japan and South KoreaIn 1976 Kim was again arrested, having agitated for the restoration of democracyReleased from house arrest in 1979 two months after Park's assassination on October 26 1976Arrested in May 1980 on charges of sedition and conspiracy and sentenced to death but Pres. Chun Doo-Hwan, commuted the sentence to life imprisonment and later to 20 yearsIn December 1982 Kim was allowed to leave South Korea for medical treatment in the United States but the trip became an exileAble to return to South Korea in 1985, he resumed his role as one of the principal leaders of the political opposition and had two failed attempts at presidencyFormed a new political party, the National Congress for New Politics, in 1995 and won in the 1997 presidential elections (fourth bid)In office Kim immersed himself in overcoming the financial crisis and restructuring banking, business, and labour practicesUnder his leadership, South Korea emerged from IMF bailout programs in a shorter time than expectedHis "sunshine" policy allowed South Koreans to visit relatives in the North and eased rules governing South Korean investment in the countryIn 1998 direct talks between the two countries resumed after a four-year break, and Kim met with North Korean ruler Kim Jong Il First meeting between leaders of North and South Korea, both sides agreed to work toward eventual reunificationHe was a politician who became a prominent opposition leader during the rule of President Park Chung-Hee. He became the first opposition leader to win presidency in South Korea
Han Dynasty China
Founded by Liu Bang (a peasant)Second imperial dynasty of China Considered a golden age in Chinese history - economic prosperity, military advancement, newly conquered territories, science, technology, and mathematics Lasted for four centuries (206 B.C to 209 AD)During this period, the Chinese court sponsored the teaching of Confucianism in education and court politicsConfucianism was a religion, tradition and a way of life
Mappa Mundi
Fra Mauro
The Bus
Frida Kahlo
Person Non Grata
From Latin, literally translating to; "an unwelcome person"Legal term use that indicates a proscription against a foreign person, usually a diplomat, entering or remaining in the countryA country may expel a foreign diplomat in their country without an explanation
Look Up
Gary Turk
Habanera
Georges Bizet
Good Riddance (Time of Your Life)
Green Day
Han Dynasty Diplomacy
Had a very strong army with a high success rateThis allowed them to have one of China's largest land expansions and have a strong defence against invadersOne their largest achievements is the Silk Road; a trade route that connected Eastern China to as far as the Mediterranean- brought economic prosperity
What Is Love
Haddaway
Yalta Conference
Held between February 4, 1945 to February 11, 1945 between the "Big Three"; Winston Churchill, Franklin Roosevelt and Joseph Stalin, the leaders of Britain, US and Soviet UnionStalin agreed to permit free elections in Eastern EuropeBroke the agreement and installed puppet states across Eastern Europe after WWIIWhen the agreements were made public, Stalin's failure to keep his promise lead the conference to be highly criticised in the United StatesStalin agreed to enter the Asian war against Japan, for which he was promised the return of lands lost to Japan in the 1904-05 Russo-Japanese WarAlthough most of these agreements were initially kept secret, the revelations of the conference particulars became controversial after Soviet-American wartime cooperation degenerated into the Cold WarAgreed to require Germany's unconditional surrender and to set up in Germany 4 zones of occupation to be run by their three countries and FranceScheduled another meeting for April in San Francisco to create the United NationsAccepted the principle that the Allies had no duty toward the Germans except to provide minimum subsistenceDeclared that the German military industry would be abolished or confiscatedAgreed that major war criminals would be tried before an international court, which subsequently presided at NürnbergThe determination of reparations was assigned to a commission
The Quiz
Hello Saferide
Louvre Abu Dhabi Review
Holland Cotter
Cueva de las Manos
Hunter-Gatherers
Memory Implantation
Implanting false memories into someone.
XYZ Affair
In 1798, nearly involved the United States and France in war. President John Adams dispatched 3 ministers to France in 1797 to negotiate a commercial agreement to protect U.S. shipping. In Paris the ministers were approached by 3 French agents who suggested a bribe of $250,000 to Charles Maurice de Talleyrand-Périgord, the French foreign minister and a loan of $10 million to France as a prelude to negotiationsIn April 1798 the plot of the three French agents (called X, Y, and Z in the diplomatic correspondence) were made public in the United StatesGeat outcry over the bribe solicitation, followed by preparations for warAlthough a period of undeclared naval warfare ensued between France and the United States formal war was avoidedFrench warships seized American merchant ships in the Caribbean, and American privateers retaliated against French shippingThe incident was settled by the Convention of 1800, also called the Treaty of MortefontaineTreaty ended the first and only formal alliance America had
Release of hen Guangcheng
In 2012, Chinese dissident Chen Guangcheng escaped from house arrest to the U.S. Embassy in Beijing on the eve of the United States' and China's annual negotiations on strategic and economic issues.Negotiations between United States and Chinese officials involving Chen's fate were conducted under top secrecy, at the Chinese government's insistence.Face is more important in Asian society than any contractAt the height of the crisis, both the United States and Chinese negotiating teams threatened to call off the Strategic and Economic Dialogue The talks did begin as scheduledSecretary of State Hillary Clinton did not even raise the topic of Chen with the Chinese, during the first two days of the negotiations,Chen was transferred - who said he wanted to remain in China - from the embassy to a hospital.Hillary Clintons "Indirect Approach" Only after Chen changed his mind and said he wanted to travel to the United States did Clinton bring up the activist's nameEven then, she adhered to the subtleties of Chinese society: rather than asking directly for Chen's release from China, she simply said that she would need to speak about the dissident when she appeared before the press. The indirect approach workedWithin hours, Chen had been granted permission to study in New York.What about the strategic and economic Summit? It seemed to generate real tangible results despite the significant diplomatic distractionChina agreed to allow greater competition with its state-owned enterprises and committed to working toward reducing the subsidies and regulations that benefit the enterprisesIn return, Americans promised to open up talks on allowing Chinese firms to invest in American assets and industries and to begin negotiating a bilateral investment treaty.The talks illustrate the potential value of adapting to your counterpart's negotiating style in international negotiationsThey also highlight the discipline and coordination required to keep a planned negotiation on track when a crisis threatens to sabotage it
U-2 Incident
In May 1960, the USSR shot down an American U-2 spy plane in Soviet air space and captured its pilot, Francis Gary Powers. Confronted with the evidence of his nation's espionage, President Dwight D. Eisenhower was forced to admit to the Soviets that the CIA had been flying spy missions over the USSR for several yearsThe Soviets sentenced Powers to 10 years in prison. However, after serving less than two years, he was released in exchange for a captured Soviet agent in the first-ever U.S.-USSR "spy swap." On May 5 1960, the USSR announced the incidentEisenhower believed that little evidence of the plane's espionage mission had survived the crash, so responded that the aircraft was merely a weather plane that had accidentally flown off course. Khrushchev quickly disproved that story by producing conclusive evidence recovered from the wreckage Caused Khrushchev to cancel a summit in Paris starting on 14 May, 1960 between the US, UK, France and the USSREisenhower administration took responsibility for the spy flights and admitted that the weather plane explanation was falseIncident convinced Khrushchev that he could no longer cooperate with Eisenhower and the walked out of the Paris meeting just hours after it began.Soviet negotiators abandoned talks on nuclear disarmament the following month
Blood and Iron (excerpt)- Otto Von Bismarck
In September 1862, the Prussian Landtag (lower parliament) was refusing to approve increased military spending in defiance of the King Wilhelm I's wishesOn 17 September the crisis made Wilhelm I seriously considered abdicating his throne. On 22 September Bismarck assured him that he could form a ministry and carry through the army reforms, if necessary against the will of the Landtag deputiesBismarck was appointed acting chief minister of Prussia. Speech:King Wilhelm I wants the reforms to be in the budget for 1862An abuse of constitutional rights could be undertaken by any side - The Crown, e.g., could dissolve parliament 12 times in a row - allowed according to constitution - but it would be an abuse - King could easily reject cuts in the budget, immoderately; it would be hard to tell where to draw the line There are members of the National Association [Nationalverein] - that have achieved a reputation for the justness of their demands - highly esteemed members who have stated that all standing armies are superfluousIf a public assembly had this view, the government would have to reject thisGreat independence of the individual makes it difficult in Prussia to govern with the constitution (or to consolidate the constitution?)Prussians are too "well-educated" to support a constitution; too critical Ability to assess government measures and records of the public assembly creates conspiratorial characters - Paradoxically, proves how hard constitutional life is in PrussiaOne is too sensitive about the government's mistakes; as if it were enough to say "this and that cabinet minister made mistakes" as if one wasn't adversely affected oneselfThe press is not the same as changing public opinion; one knows how the press is written; MPs have a higher duty, to lead opinion, to stand above itWe are too hot-blooded, we prefer to put on armor that is too big for our small body; and now we're actually supposed to utilize itGermany is not looking to Prussia's liberalism but to its powerPrussia has to unite and concentrate its power for the opportune moment, which has already been missed several timesPrussia's borders according to the Congress of Vienna are not favorable for a healthy, vital stateIt is not by speeches and majority resolutions that important decisions are taken - big mistake of 1848 (Republican revolution) - but by iron and bloodLast year's allocation has been carried out; for whatever reasons, it is a matter of indifferenceBismarck is seeking the path of agreement: whether he finds it does not depend on him aloneWould've been better if one had not made a fait accompli on the part of the Chamber of DeputiesIf no budget comes about, then there is a tabula rasa (clean slate) - the constitution offers no way out; it is one interpretation against another interpretation - It is summum ius, summa iniuria (Law can't be enforced literally per its terms to widely varying circumstances) (Literally translated to "extreme justice is extreme injustice")King is pleased that the speaker's remark about the possibility of another resolution of the House on account of a possible bill allows for the prospect of agreement; he, too, is looking for this bridge; when it might be found is uncertainImplementing a budget this year is hardly possible given the time; we are in exceptional circumstances; the principle of promptly presenting the budget is also recognized by the government;but it is said that this was already promised and not kept; [and] now [it's] "You can certainly trust us as honest people." King believes that it is not unconstitutional to make expenditures (whose authorization had been) refusedFor every interpretation, it is necessary to agree on the three factors.
Cuban missile Crisis
In the Cold War, the U.S. and the Soviet Union engaged in a 13-day political and military standoff in October 1962 over the installation of nuclear-armed Soviet missiles on Cuba, just 90 miles from U.S. shoresMany people feared the world was on the brink of nuclear war On October 16, JFK formed a group of advisors and officials known as the executive committee, or ExComIt was essential to remove the missiles without initiating a wider conflict-and possibly a nuclear warThe ExCom came up with options including a bombing attack on the missile sites and a full-scale invasion of CubaFirst, JFK decided to create a naval blockade, of the island to prevent the Soviets from delivering additional missilesSecond, he would deliver an ultimatum that the existing missiles be removed.A crucial moment arrived on October 24, when Soviet ships bound for Cuba neared the line of U.S. vessels enforcing the blockade; they adopted the policy of 'brinksmanship'.An attempt by the Soviets to breach the blockade would likely have sparked a military confrontation that could have escalated to a nuclear exchange but the Soviet ships stopped short of the blockade.Although this offered a positive sign that war could be averted, they did nothing to address the problem of the missiles already in CubaOn October 27, an American plane was shot down over Cuba, and a U.S. invasion force was readied in FloridaIt ended when Nikita Khrushchev offered to remove the Cuban missiles in exchange for the U.S. promising not to invade Cuba. Kennedy also secretly agreed to remove U.S. missiles from TurkeyA 'hotline' between the White House and Kremlin was establishedA failure in diplomacy would have meant a nuclear war
Partition of India
India and Pakistan won independence from the British in August 1947; set precedent for the winding of other European empiresAgreement to divide colonial India into two separate states - one with a Muslim majority (Pakistan) and the other with a Hindu majority (India) is commonly seen as the outcome of conflict between the nations' elitesWhile Jawaharlal Nehru reluctantly agreed to Jinnah's request of partition, Mahatma Gandhi strongly disagreedCaused largest mass migration in human history of around 10 millionAbout 1 million civilians died in the accompanying riots and local-level fighting, particularly in the western region of Punjab which was cut in two by the borderAlthough Pakistan received independence on 14 August and India on 15 August 1947, the border between the two new states was not announced until 17 AugustBorder was hurriedly drawn up by British lawyer, Cyril Radcliffe, with little knowledge of Indian conditions, used out-of-date maps and census materials and had very little time time (finished before due date)Communities, families and farms were cut in two By delaying the announcement the British managed to avoid responsibility for the violence and mass migration that followedMohammed Ali Jinnah, leader of the Muslim League feared of Indian muslims living in a Hindu-majority stateThe British incited religious hatred to create a policy of 'divide and rule'90% of colonial India's taxable income was located in India and they had the largest cities of Delhi, Bombay and CalcuttaWhile Pakistan inherited 23% of the land mass, they only received 17.5% in financial reservesThe territorial dispute Kashmir has been the subject of three wars between India and Pakistan in 1947, 1965 and 1999East Pakistan, with India's support, gained independence in 1971 and became known as Bangladesh
Conference of ambassadors
Inter-allied organization of the allies (of WW1) in the period following the end of the warIt was formed in Paris, 1920It consists of the ambassadors of Great Britain, Italy and Japan.It was formed to enforce peace treaties and to mediate various territorial disputes among European states.It was appointed by the League of Nations to take charge of the Greek/Albanian border dispute that turned into the Corfu incident of 1923.
League of Nations
Intergovernmental organizationThought of by WWI US President, Woodrow Wilson's Fourteen Points SpeechWas part of the Treaties of Versailles (WWI treaty)Formed on 10th of January, 1920Main mission was to maintain world peace by preventing wars with collective security and disarmament and settling international disputes through negotiations and arbitrationOther issues discussed were about conditions, treatment of native inhabitants, human and drug trafficking, the arms trade, global health, prisoners of war, and protection of minorities in EuropeAfter some notable successes and some early failures in the 1920s, the League ultimately proved incapable of preventing aggression in the 1930sUS never joined and USSR joined very late and brieflyGermany joined in 1926 but Hitler left in 1933League efforts include the Geneva Protocol, devised in the 1920s to limit what is now understood as chemical and biological weaponry, and the World Disarmament Conference in the 1930s, which was meant to make disarmament a reality but failed after Hitler in 1933.In 1920 created its Mandates Commission, charged with protecting minorities - Tried solving Jewish immigration PalestineThe League was also involved in the Kellogg-Briand Pact of 1928, which sought to outlaw war but unable to enforceMany withdrew from the league, such as Japan, Italy, SpainHitler's annexation of several various states caused the league's downfallReplaced by UN in 1947
One-China policy
It is the diplomatic acknowledgement of China's position that there is only one Chinese governmentUnder the policy, the US recognises it has formal ties with China rather than the island of Taiwan, which China sees as a breakaway province to be reunified with the mainland one dayThe US policy is not an endorsement of Beijing's position and indeed as part of the policy, Washington maintains a "robust unofficial" relationship with Taiwan, including continued arms sales to the island Although Taiwan's government claims it is an independent country officially called the "Republic of China", any country that wants diplomatic relations with mainland China must break official ties with Taipei.This has resulted in Taiwan's diplomatic isolation from the international communityPolicy can be traced back to 1949 and the end of the Chinese Civil war.Defeated Nationalists (Kuomintang) retreated to Taiwan and took control while the Communists began ruling the mainland as the People's Republic of ChinaBoth sides said they represented all of China.China has threatened to use force if Taiwan ever formally declares independence but has pursued a softer diplomatic track in recent yearsInitially, many governments including the US recognised Taiwan but the diplomatic winds shifted as China and the United States saw a mutual need to develop relations beginning in the 1970s with the US and other countries cutting ties with Taipei in favour of BeijingMany still maintain informal relations with Taiwan through trade offices or cultural institutes and the US remains Taiwan's most important security allyBeijing has obviously benefited the most from the policyTaiwan is not recognised as an independent country by much of the world nor even the United NationsTaiwan maintains vibrant economic and cultural ties with neighbours, and leverages on its long-term emotional relationship with the US to extract concessions.
Diplomacy Board Game
JFK and Henry Kissinger enjoyed the gameEntire game is talking and negotiating about how you are going to systematically destroy every other player, in minute detailYou'll have this same conversation with six different players: promising eternal alliance and scheming against every other player. You're going to have to lie to someoneDiplomacy presents a map of Europe circa 1901, divided into 75 regions7 major powers occupy the board: England, France, Germany, Italy, Austria-Hungary, Russia and the Ottoman Empire In your own country, you'll control 3 armies (two armies, one fleet) and 3 regions which are supply centresAll armies are equivalent in powerYou move them to capture more supply centres, which allow you to create more armiesIf a player controls 18 supply centres, they win the gameThere is no dice; not a game of chanceNo turns; all moves happen simultaneouslyYou only have three armiesSo all your negotiations will be centred on garnering support from foreign powers and promising support for their endeavours whilst garnering support for your armies in exchangeYou have to make allies, strategies and give orders in order to win
Banana Pancakes
Jack Johnson
The Oath of the Horatii
Jacques Louis-David
Finlandia
Jean Sibelius
Alexander Cuts Gordian Knot
Jean Simon Berthelemy
No Man is an Island
John Donne
Inflatable Bag Animals
Joshua Allen Harris
Remember
Joy Harjo
Embroidered Family Photos
Juana Gomez
Live High Five
KLM
Ancient India : Role of an envoy
Kautilya describes the "duties of an envoy" as "sending information, ensuring maintenance of a treaty, upholding his king's honour, acquiring allies, instigating dissension among his enemies' friends, conveying secret agents and troops, suborning the kinsmen of the enemy to his own king's side, acquiring valuables for his own king, ascertaining secret information and showing valour in liberating hostagesAdvocates for diplomatic immunity
Ghosts
Kiki Petrosino
Embrace the Remix
Kirby Ferguson
City-states of Ancient Greece
Known in Greek as 'policies' Consisted of a forfeited city centre built on an acropolis and controlled surrounding territories of land Majority of states ruled by political entities (ruled by bodies of citizens)Hundreds of city-states each had some form rule and its own army Population ranged from very few people to large populations During this period (around 750 B.C.E)People would associate with the city where they were fromNotable examples- Sparta, Athens, Corinth, Argos Greece was not a county it was a collection of city states
This Hour and What is Dead
Li-Young Lee
Almost Like Praying
Lin-Manuel Miranda
Earth Passport
Liquid Blue
Fur Elise
Ludwig van Beethoven
Head, Heart
Lydia Davis
Relativity
M.C. Escher
Memory Matrix Installation
MIT
Gaslighting
Manipulate (someone) by psychological means into doubting their own sanity.
I and the Village
Marc Chagall
Signing of the Treaty of Waitangi
Marcus King
Kinship
Margarita Engle
To Have Without Holding
Marge Piercy
What the Living Do
Marie Howe
Things From Space
Mark Bryan
Listening Post
Mark Hansen and Ben Rubin
Wild Geese
Mary Oliver
Where the Hell is Matt?
Matt Harding
Flashbulb Memory
Memories of learning something so shocking or surprising that it creates a strong and seemingly very accurate memory of learning about the event--but not the event itself.
Suggestibility
Memories that are implanted as a result of leading questions, comments or suggestions when a person is trying to call up a past experience.
Counterinsurgency
Military or political action taken against the activities of guerrillas, rebel groups or revolutionaries.
Malaika
Miriam Makeba
Evolution of Modern Diplomacy
Modern diplomacy's origins are often traced to Renaissance Italy with the first embassies being established in the 13th century - Milan played a leading role, especially under Francesco Sforza who established permanent diplomatic missions (World's first in 1455 representing the Duke of Milan in Genoa) - It was in Italy that many of the traditions of modern diplomacy began.The practice spread from Italy to the other European powers - Soon all the major European powers were exchanging representatives. - By the late 16th century, permanent missions became the standard.Many conventions of modern diplomacy developed during this periodTop rank of representatives was an ambassador - It was expected that they have large residences, host lavish parties, and play an important role in the court life of the host nation - Even in smaller posts, ambassadors could be very expensive. Smaller states would send and receive envoys who were one level below an ambassadorAmbassadors at that time were nobles with little diplomatic experience and needed to be supported by a large embassy staff - The need for skilled individuals to staff embassies was met by the graduates of universities - Led to an increase in the study of international law, modern languages, and history at universities throughout Europe.At the same time, permanent foreign ministries were established in almost all European states to coordinate embassies and their staffs - These ministries were still far from their modern form - Many had extraneous internal responsibilities - Much smaller than today; France, with the largest foreign affairs department, had only 70 full-time employees in the 1780s.The elements of modern diplomacy slowly spread to Eastern Europe and arrived in Russia by the early 18th centuryThe entire system was greatly disrupted by the French Revolution (1789-99) - Commoners took over French diplomacy and of those conquered by revolutionary armies - Ranks of precedence were abolished - Napoleon refused to acknowledge diplomatic immunity, imprisoning several British diplomats - He had no patience for the often slow process of formal diplomacy.After the fall of Napoleon, the Congress of Vienna established an international system of diplomatic rankDisputes on precedence among nations (and appropriate diplomatic ranks used) persisted for over a century until after World War II, when the rank of ambassador became the norm
Khallini Shoufak
Najwa Karam
Supple Cord
Naomi Shihab Nye
Emoji Nation, Part 3
Nastya Pitchek
Bizarre Love Triangle
New Order
NATO
North Atlantic Treaty OrganisationAn intergovernmental military alliance between several North american and European countriesBased on the North Atlantic Treaty that was signed on 4 April 1949Created with the purpose to prevent the spread of Soviet influence (containment); Soviets created Warsaw Pact in retaliationA system of collective defence, whereby its member states agree to mutual defence in response to an attack by any external party29 independent member countries, and 21 countries participate in NATO's partnership for peace program
Dementia
Not a specific disease, a group of conditions characterised by impairment of at least two brain functions, such as memory loss and judgement.
Nuclear
Nuclear diplomacy refers to attempts to use the threat of nuclear warfare to achieve diplomatic goals
Positivity Effect
Older people remember and retain more positive than negative information relative to young people.
Ping Pong Diplomacy
On April 10, 1971, the U.S. table tennis team arrived in China for a 10-day visit becoming the first group of Americans in over 20 years to get a peek behind the "Bamboo Curtain"Their trip led to a renewed dialogue between the two nations, opening the door for President Richard Nixon's own China visit in 1972Since Mao Zedong's Chinese communist revolution in 1949, relations between China and the United States had been clouded by Cold War propaganda, trade embargos and diplomatic silenceThe two superpowers had fought each other in the Korean War,. By 1971, however, both nations were looking to open a dialogue with one anotherChairman Mao believed ties with the Americans might serve as a deterrent against the Russians.U.S. President Richard Nixon, meanwhile, had made opening up to China a top priority of his administrationDuring the 1971 World Table Tennis Championships in Nagoya, Japan, U.S. player Glenn Cowan hopped was carrying the Chinese national team shirtZhuang Zedong, China's greatest player, stepped forward to shake Cowan's hand and speak to him He presented Cowan with a gift: a silk-screen picture of China's Huangshan mountainsCowan returned the gesture the following day by giving Zhuang a t-shirt emblazoned with a peace symbol and the Beatles' lyric "Let It Be."The unexpected good will between the U.S. and Chinese teams soon became the talk of the tournament.The Chinese in the 1971 championships with strict orders to avoid contact with the Americans but upon learning of the gift exchange, Chairman Mao took it as a political opportunity. "Zhang Zedong is a good diplomat" Mao shocked the world by inviting the U.S team for an all-expense paid visit to China; the Americans players accepted15 American table tennis players, team officials and spouses crossed a bridge from Hong Kong into ChinaU.S. men's team was ranked 24th in the world at the time and most had been forced to beg or borrow the money to make it to the championships in JapanNow, only a few days later, they had become the most important American diplomats The U.S. players were treated like visiting dignitaries and lavished with banquets and meals but the specter of the Cold War was never far offDuring one stopover, a "Welcome American Team" banner had been hung over a wall painted with the words "Down With the Yankee Oppressors and Their Running Dogs!"The U.S. players participated in a series of exhibition ping-pong matches held under the slogan "Friendship First and Competition Second."Chinese won the majority of the contests but let the Americans take the occasional game in the spirit of sportsmanshipThey were more interested in diplomacy than the gameOn April 14, the same day that the American players met with Zhou Enlai, President Nixon had announced that the United States was easing its travel bans and trade embargos against ChinaThe American and Chinese governments soon opened new back-channel communications with one anotherIn July, U.S. National Security Advisor Henry Kissinger made a secret trip to Beijing.The ripple effects of what had become known as "Ping-Pong Diplomacy" only continued the following yearIn response to the American trip, the Chinese sent their table tennis team to the United States for an eight-city tourEven more earth shattering was Richard Nixon's February 1972 visit to the People's Republic, which marked the first time in history that an American president had traveled to the Chinese mainlandAs part of the eight-day trip—Nixon would call it "the week that changed the world"—the President met with Zhou Enlai and Chairman Mao and took the first steps toward normalizing U.S.-Chinese relations. An exchange of ping-pong teams had initiated a breakthrough in their relations. Mao said "The little ball moves the big ball."
Zimmerman Telegram
On March 1, 1917, the Zimmermann Telegram was a message from the German foreign secretary, Arthur Zimmermann, to the German ambassador to Mexico proposing a Mexican-German alliance in the case of war between the United States and Germany, is published in newspapers across America.In the telegram, intercepted by British intelligence in January 1917, Zimmermann instructed the ambassador, Count Johann von Bernstorff, to offer significant financial aid to Mexico if it agreed to enter any future U.S-German conflict as a German allyIf victorious in the conflict, Germany also promised to restore to Mexico the lost territories of Texas, New Mexico and Arizona.U.S. President Woodrow Wilson proposed to Congress that the U.S. should start arming its ships against possible German attacksAuthorized the State Department to make public the telegramGermany had already aroused Wilson's anger—and that of the American public—with its policy of unrestricted submarine warfare and its continued attacks against American shipsSome of those in the United States who still held out for neutrality at first claimed the telegram was a fake. This notion was dispelled two days later, when Zimmermann himself confirmed its authenticity.On April 6, the United States formally entered WWI
Embassy
One country's main diplomatic office in another. An embassy and all of its diplomatic staff, fall under the rule of the country represented, and are protected by diplomatic immunity by the host country
OPEC
Organisation of Petroleum Exporting CountriesAn international organisation consisting of 14 nationsAim is to "coordinate and unify petroleum policies of its member countries, and ensure the stabilisation of oil markets, in order to secure an efficient, economic and regular supply of petroleum to consumers, a steady income to producers, and a fair return on capital for those investing in the petroleum industry"Founded in 1960 in Baghdad, and has 14 official members
A Dog Has Died
Pablo Neruda
Paradiplomacy
Paradiplomacy is international relations conducted by subnational or regional governments on their own, with a view to promoting their own interests.
cerebellum
Part of the brain responsible for coordinating voluntary movement such as posture, balance and speech. Located behind the top part of the brain stem.
Periscope
Pawel Kuczynski
Treaty of Utrecht
Peace of Utrecht is a series of treaties between France and European powers (April 11, 1713 to Sept. 7, 1714) and another series between Spain and other powers (July 13, 1713 to June 26, 1714), concluding the War of the Spanish Succession (1701-14)The War of the Spanish Succession was caused by death of childless Spanish King Charles II in 1700 - 3 principal claimants; England, the Dutch Republic and France - Philip V, Charles II's heir, ascended the throne; establishing the Bourbon dynasty in Spain - Philip V was the grandson of French King Louis XIV, putting him in the line of succession for the French throneBritain received the largest portion of colonial and commercial spoils and took the leading position in world tradeIn International politics, it established a pattern for the next 20 years
Paris Peace Agreements
Peace treaty signed on January 27th, 1973Signed to establish peace in Vietnam and to end the Vietnam warTreaty included governments of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam (North), and the Republic of Vietnam (South), the US, and the Provisional Revolutionary Government that represented indigenous South Vietnamese revolutionariesEnded direct U.S. military combatPut a temporary halt to the conflict between North and South VietnamAgreement not ratified by the US senateMain negotiators; Henry Kissinger, and Le Duc Tho (both awarded 1973 Nobel Peace Prize, however he refused to accept it)A ceasefire was declared throughout Vietnam, the withdrawal of all US troops and advisors and the dismantling of all US bases within 60 daysNorth Vietnam to release all US and other prisoners of warAccords was not followed thoroughly by South and North Vietnam (Vietnam was reunified when North Vietnam forces captured Saigon (Ho Chi Minh City) in 1975; a violation )
Self-Serving Bias
Peoples tendency to attribute positive events to their own selves and negative events to external factors.
Oil
Petroleum is a naturally occurring, yellow-to-black liquid found in geological formations beneath the Earth's surface. It is commonly refined into various types of fuels.
Hey There Delilah
Plain White T's
amygdala
Plays a key role in the processing of emotions, linked to both fear and pleasure. Abnormal function can result in depression related mental health issues. (Limbic System)
Ancient India : Type of Diplomats
PlenipotentiariesType of consular agent (similar to Greek proxenos), who was charged with managing commercial relations and transaction2 kinds of spies (those charged with collection of intelligence and those entrusted with subversion and other forms of covert action)
European Union (EU)
Political and economic union of 28 European member statesAims are to promote greater social, political and economic harmony among the nations of Western Europe.Flag meaning; 'Against the blue sky of the Western world, the stars represent the peoples of Europe in a circle, a symbol of unity.'
Antonio Guterres
Portuguese politician and diplomatServing as the 9th Secretary-General of the UNPreviously in the UN High commissioner for refugees (2005-2015)Prime minister of Portugal (1995-2002), and secretary-general of the Socialist party (1992-2002)Helped transition Portugal to the EuroPresided over the transfer of Macau to ChinaKey role in the resolution of East Timor crisis; an ex-Portuguese colony that was occupied by Indonesia since 1975President of Socialist international from 1999-2005
Problems created by international diplomacy
Post WW2 and treaty of Versailles - Weimar Republic and economic decline in Germany (hyperinflation)
Problems solved by international diplomacy
Post ww2 UN established
Reamrks on Russia - Samantha Power
President Obama and the US are committed to abide by the rules of international orderRussia, on the contrary, is not, and takes aggressive and destabilising actions, regularly, examples and evidence of this includes;March 2014 - 1. After peaceful mass protests in Ukraine, brought together a government that favoured closer ties with Europe, Russia dispatched its soldiers to the Ukrainian Peninsula of Crimea, soldiers known as 'little green men', 2. Russia denied any involvement in this3. These soldiers 'rammed through a referendum at the barrel of a gun'4. Putin then attempted to justify his fake seizure of CrimeaRussia's support for Bashar Al Assads civil war in Syria, this included;1. When the war came to the extent where food and medicine were being blocked from getting to the opposition, so civilians resorted to eat leaves, out of pure desperation. 2. When people were held in jail cells and tortured3. When the Assad regime started using chemical weapons to kill its own peopleSamantha Powers then compares Russia in 2017 vs in 2009;1. In 2009, Medvedev was president, and the US and Russia (and quite frankly the rest of the world) were able to find common ground on issues such as counterterrorism, arms control and the war in Afghanistan2. In 2009, Russia was not occupying Crimea3. In 2009, Russia was not fuelling an ongoing conflict in Eastern Ukraine4. In 2009, Russia was not bombing hospitals 5.In 2009, Russia was not first responding in Syria6. In 2009, Russia was not interfering directly in the US electionKey quotes from speech to note:"A major threat facing our great nation; Russia"""Russia and Iran - Three member states behind the conquest of and carnage in Aleppo - you bear responsibility for these atrocities... Are you truly incapable of shame? Is there literally nothing that can shame you? Is there no act of barbarism against civilians, no execution of a child that gets under your skin?""The United States and our closest partners - must come together to prevent Russia from succeeding.""A recent poll found that 37 percent of Republicans hold a favorable view of President Putin, up from just 10 percent in July 2014.""But it should worry every American that a foreign government interfered in our democratic process. It's not about the leader we chose - it's about who gets to choose that leader. That privilege should belong only to Americans.""We must ensure that Russia pays a price for breaking the rules""And that will not only encourage more dangerous actions by Russia, but also by other rule-breakers like Iran and North Korea, which are constantly testing how far they can move the line without triggering a response.""If we try to meet the Russian government in its upside-down world - where right is left and black is white - we will have helped them achieve their goal, which is creating a world where all truth is relative, and where trust in the integrity of our democratic system is lost.""It was the American people, ordinary citizens - and not a government, domestic or foreign - who should enjoy the right to shape our nation's path.""And it is precisely that faith that the Russian Government's interference is intended to shake. The Kremlin's aim is to convince our people that the system is rigged; that all facts are relative; that ordinary people who try to improve their communities and their country are wasting their time. In the place of faith, they offer cynicism. In the place of engagement - indifference."Steps to take:Reassure US allies that US have their backsMaintain support for NATO - treat any attack of a NATO member as a member on all US citizensAim to prevent hacking, and cyber threats, especially in France, Germany, and the Netherlands, as national elections are taking place in 2017Be careful to distinguish between the Russian government and the Russian people
Byzantine Empire Diplomacy innovations
Proto Ministry of Foreign Affairs: Diplomacy evolved from ad hoc to organised government activity through its Office of Barbarian AffairsSimilar to modern ministries of foreign affairsOffice prepared Byzantine envoys for missions abroad, analysed reports, prepared treaties, etc. Unlike modern diplomacy, did not have permanent diplomatic missions. Envoys were sent to deal with specific issuesIntroduction of regular diplomatic reporting: Envoys had an obligation to write diplomatic reports. The reports were archived in the Office of Barbarian Affairs. Content of diplomatic reports was similar to modern diplomatic reportsProto intelligence service: Byzantium created the first intelligence service. To ensure secure communication, they further enhanced the Caesar cipherEarly multistakeholder diplomacy : Byzantium used the services of citizens who traveled abroad. All of them served as Byzantine diplomats. In this way, Byzantine diplomacy managed to maintain a huge EmpireEarly international law: Benefited from introducing legal relations with otherwise unruly tribes on its bordersEven when they went to war, they tried to find legal justification for it, such as the concept of the just war (reclamation of lost territories or defense of the empire). In some cases, adherence to legality restricted room for diplomatic manipulation; even in such a situation, they avoided breaking the rules. It employed a very complex interpretation of treaties, in order to justify its actions in accordance with signed treaties.Soft power and public diplomacy: Byzantine diplomacy realized very early the importance of soft power. Their public diplomacy toolkit included the conversion of nomadic tribes to Christianity; the use of elaborate ceremonies in order to impress foreigners; and the education of future rulers of neighboring countries in ByzantineSome of these public diplomacy techniques are still in use today.Masters of time-management: In most cases, playing a waiting game was in their best interests. With its solid institutions, Byzantine diplomacy was always ahead of the nomadic tribes, who were easily affected by disease, change of weather etc. Thus, in times of conflict, the key for was to let time pass, in order to defuse tension and choose the right moment for counter-action.
For Want of a Nail
Proverb
Middle east Qatari Embargo
Qatar's alleged support for Islamist groups and friendly relations with Iran is condemnedThe coalition insists that terrorism support is in violation of a 2014 GCC treatySaudi Arabia, UAE, Egypt and Bahrain severed relations with Qatar on 5 June, 2017Yemen, Maldives and Libya followed suitCoalition is lead by Saudi ArabiaKSA, UAE and Bahrain closed their airspace, ports and borders to Qataris40% of food in Qatar came through their sole land border, Saudi Arabia; Turkey and Iran mitigated the crisis by sending food by air and seaQatar Airways had to cancel flights to 18 cities and to reroute those to other destinations because of the airspace restrictions.Qatar's stock market lost about 10% or about $15bn in market value over the first four weeks of the crisisOn 5 July, Qatar had a "negative response" to the 13-point list of demands presented on 22 JuneIn return for ending the restrictions, they had told the emirate toCurb diplomatic ties with Iran and close its diplomatic missionsSever all ties to "terrorist organisations" and hand over "terrorist figures"Stop all funding for individuals or organisations designated as terrorists by Saudi Arabia, the UAE, Egypt, Bahrain, the United States etc.Shut down Al Jazeera and other Qatar-funded news outletsClose a Turkish military base and halt joint military cooperation inside QatarEnd interference in other sovereign countries' internal affairsPay reparations and compensation for loss of life caused by Qatar's policiesAlign with other Arab countries militarily, politically, socially and economicallyOn 18 July, diplomats from the 4 nations said they were no longer insisting Qatar comply with the demands and instead wanted it to commit to six broad "principles".In KSA, UAE and Bahrain, embassies and citizens were expelledKuwait, a GCC state, acts as a mediator
Telescoping Effect
Referring to the temporal displacement of a memory, people believe that recent memories occurred more remotely than they do, and distant memories occurred more recently.
July Crisis
Refers to the period between the assassination Austro-Hungarian Archduke Franz Ferdinand (28-06-1914) to the general declaration of World War I in early AugustArchduke Ferdinand was the heir to the throne and was on official business in Sarajevo, BosniaSarajevo had been annexed, condemned by SerbiaGavrilo Princip, a Bosnian Serb and Black Hand member shot himThe Black Hand had close ties to the Serbian armyOn July 23, 1914, Austria-Hungary's ambassador to Serbia (Baron Giesl von Gieslingen) issues the the July UltimatumAccording to the terms of the ultimatum, the Serbian government would have to accept an Austro-Hungarian inquiry into the assassinationSerbia would suppress all anti-Austrian propagandaEliminate terrorist organizations such as the Black HandThey demanded an answer to the note within 48 hoursSerbia's accepted all terms of the ultimatum but one: it would not accept Austria-Hungary's participation in any internal inquiryClaimed that it would be a violation of the Serbian Constitution Acting with German support, their plan, was to force a military conflict that would, Vienna hoped, end quickly and with a Austrian victory before the rest of Europe—namely, Serbia's powerful ally, Russia—had time to react
Arab League
Regional organisation of Arab states, in Africa, and the Middle East. Formed in Cairo on 22 March 1945Currently has 22 membersSyria is suspended due to government repression in the Syrian Civil WarIts main aim is to create a stronger relationship between the member states, and coordinate collaboration between them
hippocampus
Remembers locations, objects and people. Also has a role in the storage of long term memory. Located in the temporal role. (Part of the Limbic System)
Renaissance Italy Diplomacy
Renaissance diplomacy developed between Italian city-states. Relationships were influenced by 2 key elements: no dominant power and a strong interest in cooperating through peaceful means. Like Byzantine in the previous period, the Italian city-states preferred to use diplomacy as a force in solving disputes among themselvesFrom Byzantine, the city-states - in particular Venice - borrowed some diplomatic techniques such as deception, bribery, and espionageThese became the trademark of Renaissance diplomacy.In the Renaissance era, the first full diplomatic system, consisting of permanent diplomatic missions, diplomatic reporting, and diplomatic privileges, was establishedThe first permanent diplomatic mission was established in 1455, representing the Duke of Milan in Genoa.The period saw the invention of the printing press. This invention had a considerable impact on diplomacyThe Church's participation in diplomacy gradually started to ebb; no longer an indispensable part of every diplomatic mission.During this period, diplomats were among the few who had the privilege of travelling to remote places in search of news. They played an important role in the transfer and spread of knowledge and information
Persistence
Repeated recall of distressing events that we would rather forget.
Love Locks Bridge
Residents of Cologne
Inventory
Richard Hoffman
Mending Wall
Robert Frost
The Answer
Robinson Jeffers
self-portrait in case of disappearance
Safia Elhillo
Riding Alone for Thousands of Miles
Sally Wen Mao
Treaty of Nerchinsk
Signed in 1689Peace settlement between Russia and the Manchu Chinese empire that halted Russia's eastward expansion by removing its outpostsFirst treaty between Russia and ChinaRussia lost easy access to the Sea of Okhotsk and Far Eastern markets but secured its claim to Transbaikalia and gained the right of passage to Beijing for its trade caravansThe border between the two countries was set along the Stanovoy Range and the Argun RiverA success for V.V. Golitsyn foreign policy (Russian diplomat)Treaty prevented Russia's potential military defeat and gained China's implied recognition of Russia as a state of equal status, an accomplishment not achieved by other European countriesConfirmed and expanded by the Treaty of Kyakhta (1727), the Nerchinsk treaty remained the basis of Russo-Chinese relations until 1858-60.
Antarctic Treaty
Signed in Washington on 1 December 1959 by the 12 countries whose scientists had been active in and around Antarctica during the International Geophysical Year (IGY) of 1957-58Entered into force in 1961 and now has 53 partiesSome important provisions of the Treaty: - Antarctica shall be used for peaceful purposes only (Art. I) - Freedom of scientific investigation in - Antarctica and cooperation toward that end shall continue (Art. II). -Scientific observations and results from Antarctica shall be exchanged and made freely available (Art. III).Among the signatories of the Treaty were 7 countries - Argentina, Australia, Chile, France, New Zealand, Norway and the United Kingdom - with territorial claims, sometimes overlapping. Other countries do not recognize any claims. The US and Russia maintain a "basis of claim". All claims are explicitly protected in Article IV, which preserves the status quo: - No acts or activities taking place while the present Treaty is in force shall constitute a basis for asserting, supporting or denying a claim to territorial sovereignty in Antarctica or create any rights of sovereignty in Antarctica. No new claim, or enlargement of an existing claim to territorial sovereignty in Antarctica shall be asserted Promote the objectives and ensure the observance of the provisions of the Treaty, "All areas of Antarctica, including all stations, installations and equipment within those areas shall be open at all times to inspection " (Art. VII).
Treaty of Tordesillas
Signed on June 7, 1494, agreement between Spain and Portugal aimed at settling conflicts over lands newly discovered or explored by Christopher Columbus and other late 15th-century voyagers.In 1493, the Spanish rulers King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella enlisted papal support for their claims to the New World in order to inhibit the Portuguese and other possible rival claimants - The Pope was a non-state actorTo accommodate them, the Spanish-born pope Alexander VI issued bulls setting up a line of demarcation from pole to pole 100 leagues (about 320 miles) west of the Cape Verde IslandsSpain was given exclusive rights to all newly discovered and undiscovered lands in the region west of the line. Portuguese expeditions were to keep to the east of the lineNeither power was to occupy territory already in the hands of a Christian ruler.No other European powers facing the Atlantic Ocean ever accepted this papal disposition or the subsequent agreement deriving from itKing John II of Portugal was dissatisfied because Portugal's rights in the New World were insufficiently affirmed and the Portuguese would not even have sufficient room at sea for their African voyagesMeeting at Tordesillas, in Spain, Spanish and Portuguese ambassadors reaffirmed the papal division, but the line itself was moved to 370 leagues (1,185 miles) west of the Cape Verde IslandsPope Julius II sanctioned the change in 1506The new boundary enabled Portugal to claim the coast of Brazil Brazilian exploration and settlement far to the west of the line of demarcation in subsequent centuries laid a firm basis for Brazil's claims to vast areas of the interior of South America.
Ojala
Silvio Rodriguez
We Are Family
Sister Sledge
Ban Ki-Moon
South Korean diplomatEighth Secretary General of the UN (2007-2016)Born in 1944, still aliveCareer diplomat in South Korea's Ministry of Foreign Affairs and in the United Nations. As Secretary-General, he was responsible for several major reforms on peacekeeping and UN employment practices. Strong views on global warming, pressing the issue repeatedly with U.S. President George W. BushIn the Darfur conflict, he helped persuade Sudanese president Omar al-Bashir to allow peacekeeping troops to enter SudanFirst term was more successful than second termHis response to the Russian annexation of Crimea and the Syrian civil war is considered ineffective
Pig and Potato War
Started in 1859, an unusual war caused by the territorial dispute between the US and UK of the the San Juan island; not a single shot was firedSan Juan Island was of notable significance due to its strategic positionBoth the US and the UK claimed sovereignty of the island and citizens from both countries began to settle thereBy 1859, the British and the Americans had a presence Both sets of islanders actually got along rather wellOn June 15th, 1859 a pig belonging to the British accidentally wandered onto the land of Lyman Cutlar, an American farmerCutlar saw the pig eating some of his potatoes, he shot and killed the pigCutlar offered to pay $10 in compensation but this was refusedGriffin reported Cutlar to the British authorities who threatened to arrest himGeneral William S. Harney sent a 66-man company of the US 9th infantry to San Juan on July 27th 1859James Douglas, the governor of British Columbia, decided to send 3 British warships to the area as a show of forceDuring the following month there was a stand off, with both sides slowly increasing their military presence in the area and with the US 9th infantry refusing to budge, even though they were outnumbered.Admiral Robert L. Baynes Commander-in-Chief of the British Navy in the Pacific, refused when ordered by Douglas to engage the 9th infantry He famously stated he would not "involve two great nations in a war over a squabble about a pig".Officials on both sides of the Atlantic were shocked that a dispute over a pig had grown into a standoff involving as many as 3 warships, 84 guns and over 2,600 men.Concerned that this was to escalate, both sides began negotiations, deciding that both the US and Britain should maintain a presence of no more than 100 men each on the island until a formal agreement No casualtiesIn 1872, an international commission led by Kaiser Wilhelm I of Germany decided that the island should fall entirely under American control and the dispute was solved
Schema Theory
States that all knowledge is organizedinto units. Within these units of knowledge isstored information.
Sleeping With Ghosts
Stephen Dunn
Repression
Subduing trauma, disturbing memories or unwanted urges of the conscious mind in the unconscious mind.
The Map of the World Confused with Its Territory
Susan Stewart
Chunking
Taking small pieces of information (chunks), then grouping them together. By grouping each piece into a larger whole, more information can be memorised.
"Dark House", from In Memorium
Tennyson
The Moon Represents My Heart
Teresa Teng
Murder in the City
The Avett Brothers
Michelle
The Beatles
Somebody Told Me
The Killers
Guess How Much I Love You
The Lucksmiths
Every Breath You Take
The Police
EnTWINed
The Singh Twins
UN
The United Nations is an intergovernmental organization tasked to promote international cooperation and to create and maintain international order.Formed on 24 October 1945 with the aim of preventing another World War
Amen, Brother
The Winstons
Memory Inhibition
The ability not to remember irrelevant information.
Eidetic Memory
The ability to vividly recall images from memory after only a few instances of exposure, with high precision for a brief time after exposure
neuroplasticity
The brain's ability to reorganize itself by forming new neural connections throughout life. It allows the brain to adapt to injury, stresses, or other environmental stimuli.
Renaissance Italy:
The earliest display of the European RenaissanceA period of great cultural change and achievement Began in Italy during the 14th century, and lasted until the 17th centuryMarked the transition between Medieval and Modern EuropeRenaissance meaning "Rebirth", as well as an era of economic revival after the Black Death of 1348Best known for its achievements in painting, architecture, sculpture, literature, music, philosophy, science, and exploration.
Collective Memory
The memory of a group of people, passed from one generation to the next.
Multi-Store Model
The model of memory in which memory consists of three stores: sensory memory, short term memory and long term memory.
Working Memory Model
The model of memory that gives 4 key components of short-term memory. It is controlled by a central executive, which controls and synthesises information from subsidiary information systems. These systems are: phonological loop (audio), visuo-spatial sketchpad and episodic buffer.
Levels of Processing
The model of memory which states that memory is not long-term or short-term, but instead is simply a measure of how deeply information is processed within the brain. Processed is defined as making meaning of the information - opposed to number of analyses of information.
nervous system
The network of nerve cells and fibres which transmits nerve impulses between parts of the body.
Generation Effect
The phenomenon that information is better remembered when self generated from one's mind opposed to being read.
Diplomatic immunity
The privilege of exemption from certain laws and taxes granted to diplomats by the state in which they are working
Self-determination
The process by which a country determines its own statehood and forms its own government.
asylum
The protection granted by a state to someone who has left their home country as political refugee
Ancient india : india's diplomatic isolation
The region within which this system operated was separated from its neighbours by deserts, seas, and the HimalayasIndia had very little political connection to the affairs of other world regions until Alexander the Great conquered its northern regions in 326 BCEThe establishment of the Mauryan empire ushered in a new era in Indian diplomatic history that was marked by efforts to extend both Indian religious doctrines (i.e., Buddhism) and political influence beyond South AsiaMauryan emperor Ashoka was particularly active, receiving emissaries from the Macedonian-ruled kingdoms and dispatching numerous Brahman-led missions of his own to West, Central, and Southeast AsiaSuch contacts continued for centuries until the ascendancy of the Rajput kingdoms (8th-13th century CE) again isolated northern India Chola dynasty and Dravidian kingdoms of South India continued diplomatic exchanges with Southeast Asia and China and preserved the Arthashastra, India's distinctive diplomatic practice were forgotten and replaced by those of its Muslim and British conquerors.
Great Game
The rivalry between the British and Russian Empires in Central Asia, beginning in the 1800's and continuing through 1907 where Britain sought to influence or control much of Central Asia to buffer the "crown jewel" of its empire: British IndiaTsarist Russia, meanwhile, sought to expand its territory and sphere of influence, in order to create one of history's largest land-based empires.As Britain solidified its hold on India, Russia conquered Central Asian khanates and tribes on its southern bordersThe front line between the two empires ended up running through Afghanistan, Tibet and PersiaThe British Lord Ellenborough started "The Great Game" on January 12, 1830, with an order establishing a new trade route from India to Bukhara, Uzbekistan using Turkey, Persia and Afghanistan as a buffer against Russia to prevent it from controlling any ports on the Persian GulfMeanwhile, Russia wanted to establish a neutral zone in Afghanistan allowing for their use of crucial trade routes.This resulted in a series of unsuccessful wars for the British to control Afghanistan, Bukhara and Turkey. The British lost at all four wars — the First Anglo-Afghan War (1838), the First Anglo-Sikh War (1843), the Second Anglo-Sikh War (1848) and the Second Anglo-Afghan War (1878) — resulting in Russia taking control of several Khanates including Bukhara.Although Britain's attempts to conquer Afghanistan ended in humiliation, the independent nation held as a buffer between Russia and IndiaIn Tibet, Britain established control for just two years after the Younghusband Expedition of 1903 to 1904, before being displaced by Qin ChinaOfficially ended with the Anglo-Russian Convention of 1907, which divided Persia into a Russian-controlled northern zone, a nominally independent central zone, and a British-controlled southern zoneThe Convention also specified a border between the two empires running from the eastern point of Persia to Afghanistan and declared Afghanistan an official protectorate of Britain
Mnemonics
The study and development of systems for improving and assisting the memory.
Humor Effect
The tendency to better remember humorous items than non-humorous ones.
Rosy Retrospection
The tendency to recollect memories more favourably then when they occurred.
Localization of function
The theory that certain areas of the brain correspond to certain functions and reflects the notion that behaviour, emotions and thoughts originate in the brain in specific locations.
Reconstructive Memory
The theory that memory recall is affected by many other cognitive processes such as perception, imagination, semantic memory and beliefs.
Interference
The theory that old memories in long term memory may disrupt or distort new memories, or vice versa. Presumably more likely to happen between similar memories.
Confabulation.
The unconscious fabrication of distorted or misinterpreted memories of oneself or the world. Not intentional.
Dollar
The use of a country's financial power to extend its international influence
What is the purpose of diplomacy?
To strengthen a state To end international conflict To mend international relations Achieve agreements between states Resolve issues
Sugauli Treaty
Treaty that established the boundary line of NepalSigned on the March 4, 1816Agreement between the Gurkha chiefs of Nepal and the British Indian government that ended the Anglo-Nepalese War (1814-16)Nepal renounced all claim to the disputed Tarai and ceded its conquests west of the Kali River and extending to the Sutlej RiverAgreed that some of Nepal's territories would be given to British IndiaNepal wouldn't be able to employ any American or European employee in its service (army, navy, etc.)Nepal remained independentAlso received a British ambassador
Khitomer Accords
Two fictional treaties in Star Trek between the Klingon Empire and the United Federation of PlanetsSigned in 2293 at the Khitomer Conference in Khitomer, a Klingon planetThe accords ended decades of hot war between the powers and laid the foundation for future cooperation and alliancesInitial signing was motivated by the explosion of Praxis, Klingon's primary energy source - Caused a complete shutdown of the Klingon economyKlingon chancellor Gorkon and ambassador Spock were scheduled to have the conference on Earth but there was an assassination attempt on GorkonRelocated and kept a secret to Camp KhitomerRegardless of a Klingon/Federation/Romulan conspiracy (stopped by USS Enterprise & USS Excelsior) by their diplomats, the talks were successfulThe Empire agreed to relinquish its claims on the Archanis SectorThe second Khitomer Accords banned the usage of subspace weaponsIn 2372, Klingon withdrew from the treaty due to the Federation's protest against the invasion of the Cardassian UnionThe Khitomer Accords were reinstated in mid-2373, after the Dominion (another empire) invaded the Alpha Quadrant and the Cardassians became a member of the Gamma Quadrant empireIn 2399, chancellor J'mpok of Empire again withdraws from the treaty due to Federation's condemnation of the Klingon-Gorn War - A prolonged Klingon-Federation war would follow only to end in 2410 when both powers realise they need to unite to face the threat of the Undines and Iconians together
Commonwealth Nations
Voluntary association of 52 sovereign states. Nearly all are former British colonies or dependencies of those colonies. No member exercises power over the othersAim is to promote democracy individual liberty, equality, and opposes racismAims to fight against poverty, ignorance, and diseaseHosts the Commonwealth games for its members every 4 yearsEach country has an equal say, regardless of economic or social status
Byzantine Empire
Was the continuation of the Roman Empire in the East during the middle ages, known as "New Rome"The capital city was Constantinople (Istanbul)The most powerful economic, cultural, and military force in Europe (most of its existence) and had a rich tradition of art, and literatureThose who lived there were considered 'Romans' and adopted Greek for official use instead of LatinLasted from 330 AD to 1453 ADFell to the OttomansThe Byzantine Empire served as a military buffer between Europe and Asia
Transcience
Weakening/memory loss over time.
Countdown
Wenqing Yan
Abiku
Wole Soyinka
Ancient India: Arthashastra
Written by Kautilya, key adviser to Indian King Chandragupta Maurya (c. 317-293 B.C.E.) summarising his political thoughts and giving advice on war and diplomacyDictated foreign policy of ancient IndiaBook is ruthlessly realistic; realpolitikAimed to rely on science rather than myths, superstitions and religionAs a political realist, Kautilya's principle of foreign policy assumed that every nation acts to maximize power and self-interest and therefore moral principles or obligations have little or no force in actions among nationsNations only have allies if it serves their self-interest; they are never selflessOutlined the Mandala theory of foreign policy, in which immediate neighbors are considered as enemies but any state on the other side of a neighboring state is regarded as an ally or the enemy of my enemy is my friendKautilya assumed that he lived in a world of foreign relations in which one either conquered or suffered conquestArgued that diplomacy is really a subtle act of war, a series of actions taken to weaken an enemy and gain advantages for oneself, all with an eye toward eventual conquestA nation's foreign policy should always consist of preliminary movements toward warForeign policy is just an extension of a nation's wars, the goal is not to end wars but to ward off defeats and to make sure one is successful in subsequent warfareFor Kautilya, all ambassadors were potential spies with diplomatic immunityKautilya is condemned for his ruthlessness and trickery but praised for his sound political wisdom and knowledge of human natureIt was mainly because of Kautilya that the Mauryan empire under Chandragupta and later under Ashoka (reigned c. 265-c. 238) became a model of efficient government
Maps
Yesenia Montilla
Treaty
Yothu Yindi
Zero-sum
Zero-sum diplomacy is diplomacy in which each participant's gain or loss of utility is exactly balanced by the losses or gains of the utility of the other participantsFor example, war reperations
Gold
a chemical element with symbol Au and atomic number 79. In its purest form, it is a bright, slightly reddish yellow, dense, soft, malleable, and ductile metal
Acropolis
a citadel or fortified part of an ancient Greek city, typically built on a hill.
Proxenos
a citizen of a state appointed by another state to host its ambassadors and to represent and protect its interests there.
import cycle
a commodity, article, or service brought in from abroad for sale
Medicine
a compound or preparation used for the treatment or prevention of disease, especially a drug or drugs taken by mouth.
the wayback machine
a digital archive of the world wide web
compounding crime
a felony was an offence under the common law of England and was classified as a misdemeanor.
fluid supply
a flow of commodity
price ceilings
a government-imposed price control, or limit, on how high a price is charged for a product. Governments use price ceilings to protect consumers from conditions that could make commodities prohibitively expensive.
underground
a group or movement organized secretly to work against an existing regime.
grey market
a market where a product is bought and sold outside of the manufacturer's authorized trading channels.
Organs
a part of an organism that is typically self-contained and has a specific vital function, such as the heart or liver in humans.
restoring active memory
a program that attempts to mitigate the effects of traumatic brain injury
metadata
a set of data that gives information about other data
market failure
a situation in which the allocation of goods and services is not efficient, often leading to a net social welfare loss.
Cigarettes
a small cylinder of finely cut tobacco leaves rolled in thin paper for smoking.
abandonware
a software that is no longer supported by the developer
geocities
a thematically organised web hosting service
motivated forgetting
a theorised behaviour in which people forget things consciously or unconciously
timehop
an app that help you see the best moments of your past
black market
an illegal traffic or trade in officially controlled or scarce commodities.
crawler
an internet bot that systematically browses the web; used in search engines
Weapons
any device used with intent to inflict damage or harm to living creatures, structures, or systems.
Darknet
any overlay network that can be accessed only with specific software, configurations, or authorization, often using non-standard communication protocols and ports.
Endangered Animals
any type of plant or animal that is in danger of disappearing forever.
Diplomatic sanctions
are political measures taken to condemn a certain action through diplomatic and political means, rather than affecting economic or military relations.
Silk Road 1.0 - 3.1
buying drugs on the net
[i carry your heart with me(i carry it in]
e.e. cummings
Housing
houses and apartments considered collectively.
informal economy
illicit economic activity (such as black market transactions and undeclared work) existing alongside a country's official economy.
shadow economy
illicit economic activity (such as black market transactions and undeclared work) existing alongside a country's official economy.
counterfeiting
imitate fraudulently
contraband
imported or exported illegally, either in defiance of a total ban or without payment of duty.
Polarity
in international relations is any of the various ways in which power is distributed within the international systemOne generally distinguishes four types of systems: unipolarity, bipolarity, tripolarity, and multipolarity for four or more centers of power. USA emerged an unipolar after the Cold War; they were the only centre of powerWe're seeing an emergence of bipolarity with China becoming another centre of power along with the US
black money
income illegally obtained or not declared for tax purposes.
Third Neighbour
is one of many sectors of foreign relations of Mongolia, referring to its building relationships with countries other than Russia and China the two superpowers that historically had a sphere of influence extending to the country.
Public
is the communication and spreading of propaganda to the general public of foreign nations to establish a dialogue designed to inform and influenceCommon in Ancient Greek city-states
white market
is the legal, official, authorized, or intended market for goods and services
Extraterritoriality
is the state of being exempted from the jurisdiction of local law, usually as the result of diplomatic negotiations.Embassies have extraterritoriality
link rot
links that direct to permanently unavailable resources
drum memory
magnetic data storage device
smuggling
move (goods) illegally into or out of a country.
RAM
random-access memory
unreported economy
refers to an economy that is engaged in those economic activities that circumvent the institutionally established fiscal rules as codified in the tax code.
Currency
refers to money in any form when in actual use or circulation as a medium of exchange, especially circulating banknotes and coins
emulation
reproduction of the function of a different computer/software system
Halfnhalf Project
shinli-art
Slave Trade
slave trade involved the transportation by slave traders of enslaved African people, mainly from Africa to the Americas, and then their sale there
stored-program computer
stores programs in electronic memory
money laundering
the concealment of the origins of illegally obtained money, typically by means of transfers involving foreign banks or legitimate businesses.
Cyber
the evolution of public diplomacy to include and use 21st century platforms such as social media
Art
the expression or application of human creative skill and imagination, typically in a visual form such as painting or sculpture, producing works to be appreciated primarily for their beauty or emotional power.
digital dark age
the lack of historical information as a result of outdated information storage
underground economy
the part of a country's economic activity that is unrecorded and untaxed by its government.
obsolescence
the process of becoming outdated
digitization
the process of converting information into a computable format
caching
the process of storing data in a way that allows for quick recall
decay theory
the theory that memory fades due to the passage of time
Connected
xkcd
